Management History Module

Exercises 2008 apprentice H completely, Inc. only effectives reserved. 11 Multiple choice Whereas _____________ is concern with Whereas the means of getting things d integrity, _____________ is concerned with the ends, or growth of organizational goals. or a. effectiveness efficiency b. efficiency effectiveness c. effectiveness goal attainment d. goal attainment efficiency result b 2008 prentice Hall, Inc. all(prenominal) rights reserved. 12 An organization is ______________. a. the physical location where mess create b. a collection of individuals cash in ones chipsing for the collection like company same c. a deliberate arrangement of people to eliberate accomplish some interrupticular(prenominal) purpose accomplish d. a group of individuals focuse on make headway group qualification for their sh beholders making Answer c 2008 learner Hall, Inc. all told rights reserved. 13 Operatives are defined as employees who Operatives ___________. ___________ . a. report to evanesce executives b. report to middle managers c. supervise others d. have no others reporting to them Answer d 2008 apprentice Hall, Inc. all(a) rights reserved. 14 True/ absurd question The roles of figurehead, leader, and liaison are The all interpersonal roles. all Managers who are effective at meeting Managers rganizational goals always act efficiently. organizational ascertain who reports to whom is part of the Determining controlling function of management. controlling tout ensemble organizations puzzle a structure that solely defines and limits the behavior of members of the organization. the v 2008 assimilator Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. ? ? v 15 Blank filling Katz found that managers unavoidable four Katz essential general sciences ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Today, the basic management processes are Today, considered to be ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Mintzberg found that managers perform 10 found different roles, which can be grouped under hree categories ( ), ( ), ( ). 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 rook Answer Explain what is meant by the term Explain management. signalise the four primary processes of Describe management. management. add together the essential roles performed by Summarize managers. managers. Describe the difference between managers and Describe operatives. operatives. 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 History Module THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY direction PRACTICES 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. XY ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 19 Adam Smiths Contribution To The Field Of focal point Wrote the Wealth of Nations( ) (1776) Advocated the economic advantages that organizations Advocated and society would reap from the division of ram increase productivity by increasing distributively workers skill Increased and dex terity. Time saved that is commonly lost in ever-changing tasks. Time The creation of labor-saving inventions and machinery. The saving 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 110 The Industrial Revolutions InfluenceOn focal point Practices Industrial Revolution mold power began to substitute for human power Machine Lead to mount production of economical crackings Lead Improved and less costly theodolite systems Improved became available Created large markets for goods. Created Larger organizations developed to serve larger Larger markets Created the need for formalized management practices. Created 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 111 I. Classical Contributions Classical approach Classical The term used to describe the hypotheses of the The scientific management theorists and the general dministrative theorists. scientific management theorists Scientific Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Fredrick and Henry Gantt and oecumenical ad ministrative theorists General Henri Fayol and pocket weber 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 112 Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 113 Scientific centering Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The Advocated the use of the scientific method toAdvocated define the one vanquish way for a furrow to be done Believed that increased efficiency could be achieved Believed by acquireing the right people for the job and training them to do it precisely in the one best way. To motivate workers, he favored incentive wage To plans. uninvolved managerial work from operative work. Separated 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 114 , , 1. 2. 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 115 , , (Time Study) , (Motion Study) , , ?, , , , , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 116 Shovel Experiment Shovel Pig-iron Experiment high-speed Stee l Experiment 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 117 , 22P , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 118 12T, 47. 5T $1. 15, $1. 85 , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 119 26? 80 , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 120 Taylors Four Principles of Management P24 1. Develop a science for each(prenominal) element of an individuals work, which replaces the old rule-of thumb method. 2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. (Previously, workers chose their own work and trained themselves as best they could. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibleness almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. (Previously, almost all the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the workers. ) 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 121 P24 1911 , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 122 ?, , 12 20? , ?1 30? , 1921 1 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 123 , , ?, , (? )? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 124 (2) , , ? , , , , , , . 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 125 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 126 General Administrative Theory General Administrative Theorists General Developed general theories of what managers do Developed and what constitutes good management practice Henri Fayol (France) Henri Fourteen Principles of Management Fundamental Fourteen or universal principles of management practice rarefied bureaucracy Ideal Max Weber (Germany) Max bureaucratism Ideal type of organization Bureaucracy haracterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations , and inert relationships 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 127 1860 ? ? , 40 (Henry Fayol, 1841-1925), 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 128 1916 14 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 129 EXHIBIT HM2 Fayols Fourteen Principles of Management 1.Division of school 8. Centralization 2. Authority 9. Scalar Chain 3. Discipline 10. Order 4. consent of Command 11. Equity 5. Unity of Direction 12. Stability of Tenure of violence 6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de Corps 7. wages 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 130 ? (Max Weber, 1864-1920), 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 131 EXHIBIT HM3 Webers Ideal Bureaucracy 1.Division of Labor 2. Authority Hierarchy 3. clod Selection 4. Formal Rules and Regulations 5. Impersonality 6. Career Orientation 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 132 ? ? , 2008 Prent ice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 133 II. 1924-1932 (Hawthorne) (George Elton Mayo, 1880-1949), 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 134 Illumination Experiment Incentives Experiment 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1923-1927 927-1929 1929-1932 1929-1932 135 Hawthorne Studies A series of studies done during the 1920s and series 1930s that provided clean insights into group norms and behaviors norms Hawthorne effect Hawthorne social norms or standards of the group are the Social key determinants of individual work behavior. Changed the prevalent view of the time that Changed people were no different than machines. people 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 136 MG2-25 ? , , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 A B ( ) C D E F G H 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 138 MG2-26 ? ? ( ), , ? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 139 II. Human transaction Movement Based on a belief in the grandeur of Based employee satisfactiona satisfied worker was employee satisfied believed to be a productive worker. believed Advocates believed in peoples capabilities and capabilities ere concerned with making management practices more humane. practices Dale Carnegie . Dale Abraham Maslow Abraham Douglas McGregor Douglas 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 140 III. The decimal Approach Operations Research (Management Science) Evolved out of the development of mathematical and Evolved statistical solutions to military problems during World War II. Involves the use of statistics, optimization models, Involves information models, and calculating machine simulations to improve management decision making for planning and control. 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.All rights reserved. 141 , , , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 142 Social Events That wrought Management Approaches Classical Approach The desire for increa sed efficiency of labor intensive The operations Human Resources Approach The backlash to the overly mechanistic view of The employees held by the classicists. The Great Depression( ) The The Quantitative Approaches World War II armament production World 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 143IV. Management Theory Jungle (Harold Koontz) Management In 1961, Harold Koontz concluded that there existed a Management Theory Jungle ( ) The diversity of approaches to the study of The managementfunctions, vicenary emphasis, management functions, human relations approacheseach offer human each something to management theory, but many are only managerial tools. 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 144 Management Theory Jungle , (Harold Koontz) ? (? ) The Management Process condition (? The Empirical School The (? ) The Human Behavior School (? ) The Social System School (? ) The Decision Theory School (? ) The numerical School 2008 Prentice Hall, I nc. All rights reserved. 145 What is the Process Approach? Process Approach Process Planning, leading, and controlling activities are Planning, circular and unceasing functions of management. , ? ?, , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 146