Comparing Sexuality and Power in Dracula and Buffy the Vampire Slayer E

Comparing Sexuality and Power in genus Dracula and Buffy the Vampire killer whale At first glance, Joss Whedons Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the hour-long TV series which premiered in 1997 and is now in its third season, bears little resemblance to the book which started the vampire craze -- Bram Stokers Dracula, publish a century earlier. And yet, looks can be deceiving. Although the trendy -- and often skimpy -- clothing and bandied about pop-culture references of Buffy clearly mark the series as a proceeds of a far different culture than that of the Victorian England of Dracula, the underlying tensions of the two texts are far similar than one might think. Beneath the surface differences in the treatment of their heroines, the two texts converge in similarly problematic anxieties about gender and sexuality. Unlike other latter-day adaptations of the vampire legend -- such as films like The Hunger and Anne Rices Interview with a Vampire novels -- which actively shatter accepted ten ets of vampirism, such as the danger of sunlight or crosses to vampires, Buffy relies heavily on the guidelines for vampirism established by Stoker in his novel. In Buffy, as in Dracula, vampires can be killed by direct sunlight and harmed by holy body of water and crucifixes (Golden 125). When, for instance, Buffys crucifix necklace touches her vampire boyfriend Angels chest, it leaves a burn-mark similar to that left on vampire-defiled Mina Harkers forehead by application of a Holy Wafer in Dracula (Angel Stoker 302). And unlike the sympathetic portrayals of vampires advanced in Rices novels and in the 1960s soap opera Dark Shadows, the vampires shown are not good or even human. They are, in the words of Buffys Watcher Giles demon at the c... ...sitive depiction of their sexual relationship. For Mina, however, renunciation of Draculas evil must include the renunciation of her own animal(prenominal) needs and desires. The roles played by social mores and conceptions of gender an d sexuality are, in the end, more than incidental. Indeed, the difference between Victorian England and 1990s America causes the subtle -- only significant -- valuation of the connections between good and evil and women and sexuality in two in many ways similar texts. Works Cited Golden, Christopher and Nancy Holder. The Watchers Guide. New York firing Books, 1998. Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula The Novel and the Legend. East Sussex, England Desert Island Books, 1985. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York Signet, 1992. Whedon, Joss, creator and executive producer. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox Television, 1997.

Thallium :: essays research papers

atomic number 81My element was Thallium. It is atomic number 81. It has 81 protons andelectrons and 123 neutrons. Thallium has a mass of 204.3833 atomic mass units.Its symbol is Tl. It resides in Group IIIA of the periodic table. That is thealuminum family. Thallium has a bluish color after vulnerability to the air. It isa very soft and malleable metal. It has an electron configuration of1s22s23s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d106s26p1. It has 6 electron shells. Itmelts at 576.7 K and boils at 1730 K. It is a solid when at populate temperature.     Thallium was discovered in 1861 by a British chemist and physicist. Hisname was Sir William Crookes. He discovered it spectroscopically in England.He isolated it. In 1862, the french chemist Claude August again isolated it.Thallium comes form the Greek word "thallos". "Thallos" meant "green twig" or"green shoot".     Thallium does non have many uses. It is used in p hotocells because ofthe electrical conductivity of thallium sulphide. Thallium was originally usedto help treat ringworm and many otherwise skin infections. It was then limitedbecause of the narrow margin between the benefits and its health risks.Thallium bromide-iodide crystals are still used as infrared detectors. Thalliumsulfate used to be widely used as a pesticide and an ant killer. It wasodorless and tasteless and worked well, but it was found to be too toxic.Thallium slats which rationalise with a bright green flame are used in flares androckets. Thallium is the 60th most abundant element in the Earths crust.There are 3.6 parts of Thallium in every million parts of the Earths crust.Thallium compounds are extremely toxic. The negative effectuate are cumulative andcan be taken in through the skin. Poisoning from Thallium takes several days toeffect you and when it does, it hits the nervous system. Thallium should only ifbe handled by trained professionals with the right equ ipment and safetyprecautions.Thallium deposits are occasionally found in Sweden and the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia. It is also extracted from the fuck up produced in leadchambers that are used in the manufacturing of sulfuric acid. Thallium is alsoused in Thallium high-Tc superconductors.

The Dirty South :: essays research papers

The Dirty SouthDuring the times of the civilized Rights Movement the black communities of Birmingham, Alabama suffered severely due to the notorious acts of racial discrimination geared towards them simply because they were black. They boldly endured beatings, lynching, bombings, and demeaning treatment from the white community and oddly from the Clan. The September 15, 1963 racially motivated bombing of the Birminghams Sixteenth thoroughfare Baptist Church, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent black girls, was one of the darkest moments of the Civil Rights Movement and perhaps one of the darkest daylights in Birmingham, Alabamas history. Betty Blackman was born and raised in Birmingham. Her life was engulfed by the racism and left her with dramatically scaring memories of Birmingham. I grew up in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. I was born there December 11, 1947. around of the memories I have of growing up there are the most atrocious memories that I have, which is strong racism and living in every day fright. I remember not being able to drink out of the cleanser water fountains around town they were for the white citizenry. The water fountains that were available to us were few, far between and very filthy. The black people were treated like dogs in Birmingham. I remember having to enter of the all stores and restaurants in town by the covering fire entrances. One place I remember so vividly was a restaurant called Stadium Grill. We ordered food there every hebdomad while we were doing the wash across the street at the Laundromat. We enter in the back door into a very tiny poorly lit room. on that point were no tables or chairs for us to sit and eat there, it wasnt allowed. There was altogether a small window to which we placed our orders and left. The front of the restaurant was queen-sized it had tables with real cloth coverings and beautiful flowers sitting in the middle of the tables. I never once stepped foot in spatial relatio n the front of that restaurant. The way our communities were much diametric than they are now. Black people were not allowed to live among the white people. The white people lived in big lavish homes on the far east side of town and the blacks lived on the west side of town in small foot race down homes. There was, however, one subdivision that the wealthier black families lived. The name of it was the Goldwire state and even now it never compares to the homes in which the poverty stricken families live now.The Dirty South essays research papers The Dirty SouthDuring the times of the Civil Rights Movement the black communities of Birmingham, Alabama suffered severely due to the notorious acts of racism geared towards them simply because they were black. They boldly endured beatings, lynching, bombings, and demeaning treatment from the white community and especially from the Clan. The September 15, 1963 racially motivated bombing of the Birminghams Sixteenth Street Baptist Chur ch, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent black girls, was one of the darkest moments of the Civil Rights Movement and perhaps one of the darkest days in Birmingham, Alabamas history. Betty Blackman was born and raised in Birmingham. Her life was engulfed by the racism and left her with dramatically scaring memories of Birmingham. I grew up in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. I was born there December 11, 1947. Most of the memories I have of growing up there are the most painful memories that I have, which is strong racism and living in every day fright. I remember not being able to drink out of the cleaner water fountains around town they were for the white people. The water fountains that were available to us were few, far between and very filthy. The black people were treated like dogs in Birmingham. I remember having to enter of the all stores and restaurants in town through the back entrances. One place I remember so vividly was a restaurant called Stadium Grill. We ord ered food there every week while we were doing the wash across the street at the Laundromat. We enter in the back door into a very tiny poorly lit room. There were no tables or chairs for us to sit and eat there, it wasnt allowed. There was only a small window to which we placed our orders and left. The front of the restaurant was large it had tables with real cloth coverings and beautiful flowers sitting in the middle of the tables. I never once stepped foot inside the front of that restaurant. The way our communities were much different than they are now. Black people were not allowed to live among the white people. The white people lived in big lavish homes on the far east side of town and the blacks lived on the west side of town in small run down homes. There was, however, one subdivision that the wealthier black families lived. The name of it was the Goldwire Area and even now it never compares to the homes in which the poverty stricken families live now.

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare is one of the greatest play writers ever born,And this is shown by how everyday his plays are still today even later thousands of years. One of his famous plays still in use today is Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar is one of the greatest plays ever pen and has been read or seen by many generations. There are many topics that can be chosen to talk about in Julius Caesar and one of those topics is the presents of the marvellous Caesar or Caesars ghost and what affect he has on the living.For my first main idea I chose the restore of Julius Caesar when he was alive and the impact of his ghost. Caesar had a big impact when he was alive and when he was dead with return of his ghost. This shows that Caesar had allot of impact on other tribes lives and even after death has an impact on people close to him and those who deceived him.The second main idea was the affect on Brutus and how he experienced Caesars return a few years after Caesars death. Also how Caesars gho st was not mad at Brutus and Brutus acted like nothing had happen and he had not killed him but now worshipped him. This shows that Brutus had killed Caesar for the good of capital of Italy in his mind and still had the up most respect for him.The Third idea was what he had done for Rome and how he gave all his money to the people of Rome and also how he had a perception that if it was his time to die then he would die. This shows that Caesar believes in what is meant to happen should happen and that you cant diverseness was is meant to happen. But also Caesar could have prevented his death and could have more time to contribute to the history of Rome.

Mother Teresas Unconditional Love Essay -- Mother Tesera Biography Ch

find Teresas Unconditional LoveThe book, One Heart Full of Love, is a combination of speeches and interviews featuring Mother Teresa given during the 1970s and early 1980s. Its very obvious to me that Mother Teresa was a very simple woman. Each of the chapters in the book covers virtually the corresponding information. The stories discussed in her speeches were all very similar. She seemed to use the same stories but add a little different twist depending on the crowd she was addressing. I rightfully dont know if the twist was to keep the stories fresh in her mind or to appease a given congregation. Nevertheless, the information she was putting pop was basal, to the point, and spoken in a manner that is easily understood. Mother Teresa touched(p) a lot of peoples lives in her time and I think this simple and basic approach helped her to accomplish this. Simple and basic is the life she chose and to help persons in need is the life commitment she made. One of the stories that M other Teresa spoke of in her speeches touched me a little closer than others. She speaks of going out into the streets and gathering the poor, the diseased and the drunks and of bringing them in and providing food, shelter and an opportunity to get clean. Many of these people would pass out when they were in the care of the sisters. One individual who was brought in stated I have lived like an animal in the streets. I am gong to glide by like an angel, surrounded by love and care (Mother Teresa, 28). This is w...

Mother Teresas Unconditional Love Essay -- Mother Tesera Biography Ch

Mother Teresas Unconditional LoveThe book, One Heart Full of Love, is a combination of speeches and interviews featuring Mother Teresa given during the 1970s and early 1980s. Its very obvious to me that Mother Teresa was a very simple woman. Each of the chapters in the book covers virtually the same information. The stories discussed in her speeches were all very similar. She seemed to practice the same stories but add a little different release depending on the crowd she was addressing. I really dont know if the twist was to keep the stories fresh in her mind or to appease a given congregation. Nevertheless, the information she was putting out was rudimentary, to the point, and spoken in a bearing that is easily understood. Mother Teresa touched a lot of peoples lives in her time and I think this simple and basic approach helped her to accomplish this. Simple and basic is the life she chose and to help persons in need is the life commitment she made. One of the stories that Mot her Teresa spoke of in her speeches touched me a little closer than others. She speaks of going out into the streets and gathering the poor, the diseased and the drunks and of bringing them in and providing food, shelter and an opportunity to get clean. Many of these people would die when they were in the care of the sisters. One separate who was brought in stated I have lived like an animal in the streets. I am gong to die like an angel, surrounded by distinguish and care (Mother Teresa, 28). This is w...

Literary criticism †feminism

From the very point of creation, God made no difference between firearm and muliebrity both of them were humans, created in His own image, who had to reflect the beauty of heavens on the earth and share their love with the Creator and separately other. Both Adam and Eve had to work in the Garden of enlighten ment and take care of it.Disregarding the fact that Adam was created starting, Eve was made as a helper, suitable for him, as a conscious and responsible per countersignality. In the bet on chapter of the book of Genesis, we read that God gave tout ensemble commands to Adam nevertheless, so he was responsible to retell them to Eve that she could fully understand the will of God and follow up the commandments properly. She was made for Adam to help him, and apart from all other creatures, was called flesh of my flesh and bone of my bones (Gen. 223) therefore, they both belonged to each other and supplemented each other. Keeping their individuality, Adam and Eve, at the same time, formed a new unity, and this community was so self-valuable, that for its sake shall a man leave his father and his gravel (Gen. 224).On the other hand, we can see the Gods order in the family God man woman. As a leader in the family, Adam, at the same time, was subordinate to God, and both man and woman were subjected to the sovereign power of Almighty God. And only after their peg, the Lord God made a wrap up distinction between man and woman thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee (Gen.316b). This leading role of man is maken by the fact that Eve had fallen into temptation first, consequently breaking the Gods order on the earth. Yet, man must take the main responsibility. But if the issue predestination of man isLiterary Criticism Feminismwork, woman is predetermined to bare children, be a mother, which is bound to pain and sufferings. Being in subordination, which was ground on love, the fall of man has shifted it to the dominance of man over woman. But one should remember that it was not a new covenant of God, but preferably a direct result of the fall.Since considering first of all the interests of man, who was permitted to have several wives, in the marriage husband had more freedom, comparing to wife. For example, one of the Ten Commandments claims that gigabyte shalt not covet thy neighbours wife (Ex. 2017), for this kind of adultery was interpreted as criminal offence on the property of other man (wife is mentioned in this text between such things as house, ox, servant). Only in Deuteronomy the same text gives wife a separate place in the list of mans belongings. The consequences for the adultery also differed depending on the social status of womandeath to man found with a married womantrespass offering for maidservantmarriage or money penalty for a maid.Literary Criticism FeminismSuch strict regulations were called to prevent divorces in time the adultery was widespread and was mostly noted in Prove rbs. The offering of jealousy (offering of memorial) testified about the male privileges man could demand this offering if he had the slightest, even groundless, mistrust as to his wifes behavior (water could either cause the curse or not). Men were not subjected to this test.Divorce was also a sole prerogative of man. correspond to Deuteronomy 241, he had the right to divorce with his wife, if he hath found some uncleanness in her. This regulation assumes a number of interpretations if in the beginning it was enabled only in cases of wifes bad behavior, then, in the course of time, the bill of divorcement was given to man if his wife caused the slightest displeasure.For her whole life, woman was dependant first from father, later from husband, and, finally, from son, with the exception of widows, whose children were under age. This position primarily guaranteed her the sense of security. Disregarding the savage customs (Lot, who was eager to give his two daughters to sodomites Gen. 198, Levite, who gave his concubine to the men of the city Judges 1924-26) that were caused by the fall, women in Israel had deserving and full life, they were loved and respected by their men (1-Sam. 15,8) and children (Ps. 3514) and were honored with popular acknowledgement and praise (Proverbs 518, 124, 1822 Eccl. 99).In Israel, woman held better position, comparing to other Orient nations. Women and maids of the Old Testament could freely and unconstrainedly take part in social affairs and amenities. Sara, though she called Abram as master, nevertheless, had persuaded him to take a concubine (Gen. 161-4). Rebecca had not veiled herself until she met Isaac (Gen. 2464). Jacob greeted Rachel with a kiss before the shepherds (Gen. 2911). Women participated in public celebrations, the songs of Miriam, Deborah, and Hannah (Ex. 1520, 21Literary Criticism FeminismJudges 5 chapter, 1-Samuel 21-10) turf out the highly developed intellectual faculties. Israeli women of the Old Te stament also held official positions, such as the prophetesses Miriam, Huldah and Noadiah, and Deborah, the prophetess, who judged Israel.As a wife, mother and mistress, women are depicted in the most attractable manner. Heathenism cannot show the portrait of the woman that is described in Proverbs, chapter 31. Israel was the first one, who was taught by God to look at mothers heart, as the likeness of Gods heart can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee (Is. 4915). The Law of Israel had lifted woman from that humbled state she was in heathenism. Yet, along with respect and honor, Bible gives us plain call to beware of foolish (Prov. 141), brawling, angry (Prov. 219, 19) and fair women without discretion (Prov. 1122).First of all, woman was called to channelize out duties of mother and mistress of the house. In these issues, man totally relied on her. In the house, woman could w ork and make decisions independently she could manage her servants, who could belong this instant to her (Gen. 161, 6 2924, 1-Sam. 2542). Her primary responsibility was to raise children, at that mothers covenant was equal to fathers admonitions (Prov. 18, 620). Womens wisdom was highly valued and honored (Prov. 141, 3126). Returning to Bethlehem, Naomi had the right to own the property of her husband (Ruth 43, 9), yet as daughters had a part in fathers inheritance (Numb. 271-11), and Shunammite, the widow, was restored her house and field (2 Kings 81-6).In contrast to men, women were not make to worship in the tabernacle regularly (Ex. 2317), however, they brought the instructed sacrifices personally they participated in celebrations and took portions of offerings. Women from priests families could eat offerings of the holy things women and girls were praising the Lord with their dances and songs (Ex.1520. Moreover, God gives especial revelations to women the Lord has revealed t he emerging of her sons to Rebecca two nations are in thy womb and the elder shall serve the younger (Gen. 2522, 23) Manoahs wife was the first to receive the news about a son and the angel of the Lord appeared unto the woman (Judges 133) along with prophets, women were used by God to reveal His will to Israel, Miriam was the first mentioned prophetess, and Deborah, a prophetess, she judged Israel (Judges 44).So, analyzing all the texts and the mentioned above, we see that there is no single opinion, regulation and voice in Bible verses, regarding to women. Yet, one text gives us clear explanation to this issue In those days there was no king in Israel every man did that which was right in his own eyes (Judges 21 25). From human side, we had seen the difference in male attitudes towards women in some cases that were regarded as property, in others, as humans equal or with the same social rights. Sometimes, they were treated like a thing, but, in contrast, womens wisdom, beauty, love and meekness are considered as the greatest gifts from God to men.Anyway, in all these texts, it is obvious that My thoughts are not your thoughts, nether are your shipway My ways, saith the Lord (Is. 558). Due to the fall, thoughts and ways of men were perverted and devil is still making everything possible to make them wickeder therefore, sinless relations between man and woman were totally changed, but God still looks at them the same way the way they should be. Angels, sent to women first, prophetess, chosen to tell the will of God, offerings, brought by women prove that God can use them, just like men, and sometimes, women were holding the same positions, even not taking into account that God is looking at Israel, as to His children, disregarding the gender, as the whole community of children of God. Therefore, the sole contrast between mens and Gods attitude towards women lies in the notion that the fall of man brought the difference in the world and humans perception of womans role in the society.Works CitedHoly Bible, King James Version. Plume, 1974.

Data Gathering Procedure Essay

After the validation of the instrument, the researchers secured a written permit to the administrators of Alicia National juicy School, Records from the registrar office and guidance office are useful enough for the needed data on the list of student who are dropouts, repeaters, balik-arals and students with failed grades. After inclined permission, the researchers explained the purpose of the call for to the selected respondents and then they made sure each participant corresponds to their predefined criteria. The researchers collected the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises their age, gender, and year level and student status. The problems encountered by the respondents will be identified through the second part of the survey questionnaire that was given to them. After, the respondents have taken the tests the papers were checked, tallied, interpreted and analyzed.Research forgeIn this study, the descriptive-survey method was employed to identify the role and signifi potbellyce of The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. To define the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present property in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important tonic issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. A survey is a structured way of learning about a bigger group of people by obtaining information from a representative adjudicate of that particular group of people.Some of the advantages of a survey are that it describes the characteristics of a spacious population and there is no other method of observation, which can provide this general capability. It allows many questions to be asked about a given topic by giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. A survey is also a single close widely used research design in educational research therefore, it was used in this educational research as well (Kavetuna,2009). Purposive try out method was done for the sample selection. A purposive sample refers to the selection of units based on personal judgment rather than randomization.This judgmental sampling is in some way representative of the population of interest without sampling at random. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where it is needed to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. In relation with the study, the researchers identified The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. It seeks to provide information and examine the relationship among variabl es.Theoretical Framework tally to Erik Eriksons Psycho-Social Development of Personality, particularly the conflict be of industry versus inferiority, that lasts from 6 to 11 years. In our culture, school life begins here. This stage is the beginning of life away(p) the family a stage of systematic instruction, a movement from play to a sense of work. This stage describes that a child needs to do well and split a sense of work completion and satisfaction in a job well done. Otherwise, the child develops a sense of inferiority and inequality. Another is the adolescence stage termed, identity versus identity confusion that occurs between 12 to 20 years, it emphasizes the difficult transition between childhood and adulthood that can be strongly alter by social limitations and possibilities. The adolescent is likely to suffer from confused roles. Doubts about ones sexual attractiveness and sexual identity are car park to this stage.The inability to develop a sense of identification with an individual or cultural role model who gives direction to ones life can lead to a period of floundering and insecurity. Another reaction is over identification with youth-culture heroes or clique leaders leading to a loss of identity. Because of these crucial stages where most high school students in the country are where at, many problems arises that can affect their functioning in their daily lives. An additional theory is from Abraham Maslows pecking order of needs, which points out the basic human needs. He believed that exposure to environmental conditions that permit or prohibit gratification of the basic needs prompts movement up or down the hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggeststhat, without the fulfilment of these needs, an individual may feel discouraged, weak and inferior.In line with this study, if a student feels discouraged and inferior, his motivation may be affected and thus, there will certainly have inhibitions especially with his performance in school. Moreo ver, Carl Rogers Self-theory that points out that the ultimate goal of each one is to be a fully functioning person. It is a process in which the individual constantly pursues his or her actualizing tendency, and at the same time behaves in a manner that is straight to the self. Rogers also described the characteristics of a fully functioning person these are openness to experiences, existential living, self-trust, sense of freedom and creativity. With these theories, the researchers will conduct a study on The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines as a basis for a proposed guidance intervention program.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay

Dying in War Implications for the family, the residential area and the hearty worker termination is a phenowork forceon that evokes mixed answers and views from a community. For some, it a blessed release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they drop away a love angiotensin converting enzyme. What remains constant however is the ruefulness, bereavement and l iodinliness experienced by those left hand behind. Even more so when demise was sudden and unexpected as wish well what happens in times of war, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes through many stages, each stage more difficult that the last.While most lot gener exclusivelyy negotiate to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and Second World Wars, the knock of the postman was a friendly function of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and father s of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the demise or breathing out of love one. An estimated 8 million military personnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111).Parents who curtly lose their children oftentimes(prenominal) as what happened to most wartime mothers with adult sons usually have a harder time coming to terms with the death of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and seeings of helplessness and anger can be intense. There is a common belief that something is wrong when a parent buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and all(prenominal)thing just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is not right that parents should survive their children is lots the thought that haunts bereaved parents.What role do amicable workers play in times of war and terror? Social prob lems are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers & Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social workers job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service render to special parts of the population and mental illness. All these problems call for maneuverership watchfulness and trained intervention (p.62). No situation can put all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community neck with the sudden losings of love ones in combat. In addition to this, they should also be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to espouse endure home but exist with scars that are not only physical but also mental and emotional. The ev ents of folk 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts.There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, sight who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden death can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil & Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly alter by the attacks have gr give to fuck off feelings of anxiety and tatterdemalion security in their personal and familial safety (Smith & Reynolds, 2002).Besides the inevitable feelings of sadness, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the injurytic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and clog of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also im portant to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence.This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and subsequent nightmares. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by terrible men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one.Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a history he heard of how people in the Twin Towers were tra pped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith & Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American psychiatrical Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith & Reynolds, 2002).The hassle that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong hope that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic nature of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson believe that the manner of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller & Thompson, 2003).If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslav emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990.In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two long time wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment.The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound whizz of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry.He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers essential be prepared for instances that do not adhere to such models. In Stephens case while he did not directly lose any o f his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another homo beings death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army.This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers go from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in order to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disorder that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day.Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguo us issue. In the Vietnam War, many people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourning or holding out hope for their loved ones return (Worden, 2003, p. 40).In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may sound like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and therefore refuse to give way to grief and acceptance.Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose marriage was humiliated up by war. In her article that appeared in The Progressive, she relates how her once hap py marriage with one of the militarys mortar platoon commanders started heading downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of support for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did.Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of duty only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The tab so far more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualties, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women seek with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman , 2007).The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker.While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, meliorate and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular cas e, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community.Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a grief overload that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social brass can provide a engagement of support.Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a safe place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all thats necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people disclose and deduct what problems they may have.Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the communitys demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may assist troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds. a great deal as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in contemporize with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a validatory societal system that each member may be able to depend on.This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they should do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than ones own (Tsui & Cheung, 2003)References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental health Recovery Paradigm Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst?a=o&d=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York Br unner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , & Benasutti, K. M. (2004).Life after Death Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , & Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+.Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , & Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001127890 Smith, S. , & Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+.Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5002560442 Tsui, M. , & Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy A handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=108479290

Language Acquisition

Language is a systematic set of finite arbitrary symbols that argon utilize to convey reading from a source to a receiver. It is the roughly revolutionizing invention humans had ever made. It made communication commit lesser errors, and be more accurate in sending information to a particular receiver.It is also unmatched of the universal and most dynamic creations of humans. Every human in every culture, present or past, owns a particular language that is unique comp ared to other languages or even to the same language at a dissimilar time.People have al focuss been fitting to impart by means of speech, gestures, signs and other different arbitrary symbols. This process is called communication wherein individuals and groups are able to express what they think and retrieve through different languages.On contrary, it has been said that language can only be either spoken or written, and is the primary source of communication. It may be contagious through learning based on l earned associations between words and things. Through it, people are non only able to share information but also, they are capable to share their cultures since language reflects culture too.The structure of language involves phonology, morphology, grammar and syntax. Phonology, considers the sound involved in language. It is the range of possible sounds that a accredited language utilizes. These sounds do not have meaning on themselves as units. Morphology on the other hand, deals with the combination of sounds to which they form meaningful words, phrases or sentences. These are the most basic units of language that have meanings. Grammar is the retrieve in which sounds and words are to be put. Grammatical rules include grammatical case verb agreement and the like. And last, syntax is the rule that governs how words should be arranged so that the information would be symbolized more accurately (Kotak, 2004).There are two aspects of communication. First is the ability to compreh end what others are nerve-wracking to communicate and atomic number 42, is the ability to communicate to others in a such a way that they can be understood (Hurlock, 1982).Communication requires two processes, encoding and decoding. Encoding is when a source puts information into symbols, while decoding is the process wherein the symbolized information is turned back into conceptual information that can be understood. There is also a concept called miscommunication wherein the information conveyed through a particular language was not decoded properly by the receiver, or that the information was sent to the wrong receiver.Considering infancy or fumblehood years, it would be difficult for such babies to be understood. And since learning to speak is not an easy task for babies, nature provides other means of communication until these babies are ready to speak. These other forms of communication are called pre-speech forms (Costello, 1976).Pre-speech forms comes in four developmenta l patterns of learning how to talk crying, babbling, gestures and use of emotional expressions. Crying is one of first a couple of(prenominal) ways of an infant use as a form of communication. Though adults do not always get an accurate interpretation of an infants cry, his cries are indications that he is trying to communicate.The different cries of a baby may indicate his thirst or pain. Most babies learn that crying is a way to get attention before they are three months of age. Also, crying is one of the indicators that an infant is learning. When an infant cries, he may observe that he gets attention, and because he bash that he needs attention, especially from adults, he would repeat this behavior. And because of the repeated crying, the attention that adults give them becomes a positive reinforcer to his behavior. With this, he learns that he can communicate with other humans with the use of crying.The previous behavior can also be seen as a springboard on which infants le arn more interwoven forms of language, such as speech. With pre-speech forms such as crying and babbling, he can communicate hunger or pain to adults, but when he demands to communicate their want to go out of their crib or to get a particular object they see on a distance, it would require for them to have a more complex instrument for communicating.This is evident in an infant from 3-7 months old. The infant still cannot deliver speech, but has already learned that they can communicate through pre-speech forms. When the baby gets hungry, he will cry. When an adult extends both(prenominal) arms to gesture that he would want to carry the infant, the infant would either extend his arms if he wants to be taken or retracts if he does not want to be taken. When a baby suddenly cries, an adult will not be readily able to date wherefore he is crying, but when an infant already knows how to babble some comprehensible morphemes, the caregiver would be able to tell exactly why the infan t was crying. verbalize is another form of how a baby tries to communicate (Hurlock, 1982). It can be seen as a prototype language which infants can use to communicate. Babbling can also be seen as the epitome of all human languages, because it contains the simplest units of language, phonemes and morphemes.Children from different cultures babble before they are able to speak (Lenneberg, 1967). Babbling is very a stage of a child wherein he or she makes different sounds but are not recognizable as words. Infants establish sounds that can be considered as basic parts of spoken language. It often begins on the childs 7th or 10th months of age (Oller, 2000). This babbling stage of a child is often reinforced by parents wherein they recognize the child by smiling or repeating the word to which the childs babble look to sound like. It is also reinforced when the baby gets what he wants when he does a particular behavior, for example, when he wants one of his parents to come, he can sa y ma-ma, or da-da.Gesturing, on the other hand, is a substitute that babies use for speech. This is done when children are able to say a few words and then combining these words with actions to have it off their sentence or to be able to communicate to others. An example of this is a child who would say no and push his plate this means that he does not like or want the food. Babies can also use gestures to express emotions more. Babies can show happiness by tapping, or show curiosity by gently touching an object.These gestures are still evident even when the infant grows up. Most of the gestures that adults still use can also be seen in infants. A person laughing hard may hit objects, like a table or his / her leg with an open palm. This behavior can also be seen in infants. The nodding and shaking of the head can also be seen both in adults and babies.And last of the four pre-speech forms is the so-called emotional expressions. This is said to be the most effective pre-speech form of communication because of the expressive facial gestures used by babies to communicate to others. It is also useful because babies are not capable of unconditional emotions so it is easy to identify what they feel and babies also find it easier to figure what others are trying to tell them through their facial expressions than the words being used (Hurlock, 1982).Facial expressions are very powerful communicating instruments because of the existence of five universal emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, happiness and disgust. All humans from different cultures can understand each of these emotions. This may be the reason why infants have been given the skill to use these emotions and show these through facial expressions.Acquisition is defined as the variant where an individual learns a new skill (Mazur, 2006). An infant can be said to have acquired a new learning when it starts using the skill to produce a particular effect. It is said that infants who know how to use their crying to get the adults attentions have already acquired the knowledge of communicating.Association is when objects are linked or connected to one another. In this process, the child is shown two objects from which he could identify one with the help of the other. Learning through association also involves the number of times or the oftenness of an object when paired to another. Therefore, the more frequent two objects are paired, an individual would be most likely to associate them (Mazur, 2006).This can be seen when an infant associates hunger with crying, crying with the parents attention, and the attention with food. This way, whenever the baby gets hungry, he will cry thinking that food will come next.A child learns language through parents reinforcement of making sounds such as babbling and cooing. This reinforcement is often done through the so-called operant conditioning. Reinforcement is defined as a stimulus that helps strengthen or lessen the behavior of an individual only if it is given after the specific behavior occurs. In this case, the positive reinforcement is most commonly used wherein a child receives incentives or rewards if he did desirable things which would tend to be associated in his behaviors. Meanwhile, operant conditioning is a process wherein the subject has his or her behaviors modified through learning from the consequences of their actions.On the other hand, Noam Chomsky (1955) claimed that the human brain has limited set of rules to organize language making language have a common basis called universal grammar. Chomsky had hypothesized that language is formed because of environmental factors. This means language is shaped by the environment. One example of this is an operation that would move the second word of a sentence to the front, and thereby accounts for the fact that children tend not to try out sequences such as Of glasses water are on the table? when they seek the interrogative counterpart of Glasses of water are on the table. Universal grammar is part of the knowledge that resides in the human mind of a person who knows a language. The science of linguistics tries to ascertain what constitutes universal grammar and what beyond universal grammar differentiates languages from one another (Albert, n.d.).When a child grows up, he or she takes dividing line of how he speaks and how he delivers different speeches. The child now learns by modeling by imitating the way adults speak and use language. The choice of primary language is also determined by the language used by the parents.The child also becomes aware and conscious of his grammar and syntax as he communicates with others. Grammar and syntax deal with the togetherness, aver and arrangement of words. The child also learns how to put words into different arrangements so that the child can communicate effectively.The Wernickes area and Brocas area of the brain, both located at the cerebral cortex is important for language comprehension and s peech production. If these areas would be damaged, an individual will not be able to understand any spoken language and would lose the ability to speak meaningful sentences (Mazur, 2006).ReferencesAlbert, Michael. (n.d.) Universal Grammar and Linguistics. Retrieved 4 June 2007 from Chomsky, N. (1955). Syntactic Structures. The Hague MoutonCostello, A.J. (1976). Pre-verbal communication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and associate Disciplines, 17, 351-353.Hurlock, E. (1982). Developmental Psychology A Life-Span Approach. Navotas McGraw-Hill Inc. pp. 87-89.Kotak, C. P. (2004). Language and Communication. Anthropology The Exploration of Human Diversity. 10 ed. pp. 391- 414.Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York WileyMazur, J. E. (2006). Learning and Behavior. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall.Oller, D.K. (2000). The Emergence of the words Capacity. Mahwah, New Jersey Erlbaum.

Promote professional Development Essay

1.1Explain the immenseness of continu eithery improving noesis and class period The importance of continu onlyy improving my knowledge and give flairing answer is to make sure that I am aw ar of and adhere to all the current Health and social c be standards, legislations and guidelines for good practice in my work place.Professional development refers to the accomplishment of skills and knowledge both for personal development and for calling enhancement.Improving my personal development benefits not only me, only the company I work for, my mental faculty and the Customers for who I c are for. It enables me to come on up to discover and change proactively to make sure that the service I offer is relevant and appropriate to care for my customers. The customers moldiness be confident that they quarter trust the people that they receive the care from and that they know what they are doing and do it well. This should be an current activity which is the norm for a care orga nic law which ordain enhance the quality of their work, make lag happier which bottom only make for positive issuecomes for the care service, customers and the provide.As the Care police squad leader of the care service I am responsible for others such as staff, customers, the customers families and visitors etc. so it is imperative that I am knowledgeable in all areas of management to enable me to manage effectively and within the legislations set(p) out by CQC Continuing my superior development has been important for my career and has and give continue to help me progress doneout my chosen career.1.2Analyse potential barriers to professional developmentPotential barriers to continuing professional development could be Lack of reckon from the organisation an adequate grooming bud ready should be in place and agreed each year to keep up to date with ongoing and youthful externalisening courses. Lack of supportive staff staff that are only concerned with earning the ir wage each month without caring slightly the knowledge and bringing up to care for customers properly. No time to train adequate time necessitate to be set aside for each staff member so that they find out and are confident it what they are attending and elicit put it into practice. No encouragement from management/senior staff Management suggesting and encouraging suitable/ needful prepare courses and supporting staff through these.Inadequate regular supervisions Monthly supervisions to talk privately with staff regarding any help or training dominatements is imperative. cater need to be able to talk openly with management to be able to continue their professional development. It excessively helps for management to need an open adit policy so that staff do not have to wait for the monthly supervision and move continue to improve daily from management experience. These are all Organisational barriers further we behind in like manner have personal barriers which p revent professional development. These could be Low self-esteem If an individual insufficiencys confidence, this croup affect how oft times they are entrusting to learnTransport issues If a company are not able to offer in theatre of operations training or training courses on site and have to go to other training venues it could involve costs that the individual is not get outing/able to pay so this needs to be discussed with management. Childcare issues If a training course is not during normal working hours this could lead to no childcare and shag prevent the individual from attention essential training courses, therefore not being able to continue to work. Sick/holiday time If an individual is unable to attend training cod to arranged holidays or un judge sickness fucking impair their acquirement or possible promotion in the work place through need of qualifications.1.3compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development We all have a world of knowledge and resources. This can be channelled in either a phase angleal and structured approach or by observations. It all depends on the individuals motivation. Different musical modes in which professional development can be carried out can be in formal methods such as appraisals and supervisions. I conduct these to assess staffs performances. I look at in store(predicate) closes and tell apart the needs of the staff member on an individual basis according to the organisations policies and objectives. This will create a plan for them to move forward and identify their training needs to allow them to grow and evolve. This inturn, in the long run helps not only the individual but the organisation.Shadowing or instructing is a huge support tool. It is used mostly when employing new members of staff and allows them to see how a much long standing member of staff works. It allows them to solve on their knowledge and expertise and guide them through policies and procedures and allows the new member of staff to find a way in which to work which is in line with these guidelines. The mentor can work with this member of staff throughout their working time however shadowing/mentoring can be carried out by numerous members of staff on different shifts. This gives the new member of staff different ideas on ways in which to work so that they can find a way of working which is comfortable for them. Within the organisation they can carry out in house training courses to enhance the workers knowledge. This is ongoing throughout the workers time with the organisation. The simplest form of development is the staff communication book.This can be about any aspect of achieving the highest standards in the care scope. All staff have access to this and can share their knowledge of what has worked well throughout the shift to pass over to the contiguous member of staff working. It can as well say what has not worked. This can as well be expanded upon in regular staff meetings. It can be discussed in depth and at length with everyone having their say. Within our organisation we also have a policy hub in which the carers can access at anytime if they need to read up on something or are unsure of what is expeted of them. beyond the organisation external agencies can help the company and individuals with professional development.These can include CQC, social services, other health professionals buy offering support and their capacious knowledge. External training agencies can offer free training (NVQs) or a more specific training course, which can differ to the in house training an organisation can offer and whitethornbe more beneficial to the employee. They may develop more from a group training session preferably than a question and answer knowledge paper. By working alongside all staff members on different shifts it allows me to assess the staff members knowledge and experience in an informal way. I can then pass on my knowledg e and ability in a matter-of-fact setting rather than the formal setting of an appraisal/supervision.1.4Explain factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activitiesfor keeping knowledge and practice up to date. Prioritising important elements can assist in highlighting what training should be selected. What goals need to be achieved for the customers we have? What training do the staff police squad need? What training courses are mandatory for a staff team? All these factors need to be considered and then compared to the training calculate the organisation has. Cost has to be weighed against what the consequences entail if professional development is not followed through. For example if your customers require lifting/hoisting and the training is missed this could lead to them being left in a very vulnerable localise. The management team being up to date on new policies can help them prioritize what training is needed and when.Time is also a consideration. If you have a large staff team it can be difficult to organise training to which they can all attend. This is also true of the place the training is to be held. Is it more advantageous for the training to be held on site rather than all have to travel to a training facility as travelling can create extra cost. We are just going through the process of rearranging all our training to reduce where it being held. Since starting this position the training has been held at different courts within the organisation and can be up to 10 miles away. This has now been reduced so all training is to be held either in house or the next nearest court. I have found this had has a positive effect within my workplace, more carers are turning up to training session and are enquiring about non mandatory training sessions.It may be wise for a manager to look at just sending 1 or 2 members of staff on a course to be trainer trained in several important courses so that they can train other staff in these topics. Alth ough it may be a high cost to start off with it can work out more cost effective in the long run, especially if the organisation has a high turnover of staff. These trainers can then train in house as and when required at times suitable for all staff and at times suited to the rota as to not leave the customers in a vulnerable position due(p) to lack of staff on shift. 2.1 Evaluate knowledge knowledge and performance against standards and benchmarks I have worked in the care vault of heaven for 6 years. Before I began my career in care as a support worker I was a stay at home mom. Before choosing my career path I did some research on learning disabilities, autism and challenging behaviour. A lot of this research was done on the internet dismountting a snap tang of how to care for the serviceusers.When I began work I started by doing shadowing shifts which involved shadowing an established member of staff so that I could get to know how things were run and to get to know the ser vice users. On these shifts I also read through my companys policies and procedures. I was given the opportunity to advance my knowledge by attending training courses provided by the company. I found that I could learn more when the course was as part of a group. Learning the codes of practice ensures that I promote and uphold the privacy, dignity and rights of the clients I care for and that I strive to improve the quality of healthcare, care and support through continuing professional development. I achieve this within my job role by ensuring that the customers and their families are informed and included in all aspects of their care planning. The codes of practice state that I am accountable for the quality of my work and take responsibility for master(prenominal)taining and improving my knowledge and skills.This core that if there is a course I could benefit from (which in turn benefits the company) then I should be attending it. By obtaining my NVQ 3 qualification and all in house training courses I was promoted to Senior carer and then between myself and the proprietors we set up a home care business from the care home I was working at and got the position of care coordinator. In this position I have to made sure that my staff and I were up to date on the national standards which are set out by CQC. This means that I had to make sure that there were enough members of staff on shift at all times to keep the service users safe and to meet their needs. That I made sure that all members of staff were trained and had the appropriate knowledge, skills and experience needed to meet their health and eudaemonia needs. To ensure that my staff were well managed and had the correct knowledge, skills and experience through training to meet the service users health and welfare needs.If I failed at this then it means that the service I managed would not meet the essential standards set out by CQC which in turn could mean that the service I ran was shut downcast mea ning all employees out of work and vulnerable adults being let down and left in an extremely vulnerable position. I now work as a care team leader which is a similar role but with a larger establishment. 2.2 Prioritise development goals and preys to meet expected standards We have an extensive training programme which covers a range of topics which is ongoing for staff. These include Emergency first aid, food hygiene,equality, dignity and inclusion, diet and nutrition to make out a few. All staff have attend all mandatory courses before they start their shadowing shifts and these are updated as and when required.We also have a lot of non mandatory courses in which the carers attend and can request to atttend. All staff employed (including relief) all have the opportunity to work towards their NVQ level 2, 3 or 5 All employees files have a record of training showing that there is an ongoing programme of development to make sure that they have undertaken training in key areas such a s health and safety, person centered approaches, communication and how to safeguard vulnerable people. Training is monitored to make sure it is kept up to date. Specialist training is completed as and when necessary. I also have a training tracker which enables me to see at a glance who is due for training.3.1 Select learning opportunities to meet development objectives and reflect personal learning style As well as training that is delivered by someone we also have workbooks. These are questions on a specific topic. This is a very specific style which does not suit everyone but due to training budget this is a very cost efficient way to train a staff team on all key essential training standards. It is also used as a refresher if I notice a carers standards are slipping. I am a mix between a visual learner and auditory learner, I like to see pictures or watch DVDs and visualising an outcome and also like to learn as a group so that I can discuss the topic and to ask questions as a nd when I need. This involves the use of seen or observed things including pictures, demonstrations and hand-outs. This is why external agencies coming in or me attending training courses is far more beneficial for me than sitting on my own and learning from a book or doing knowledge papers.3.2 Produce a plan for own professional development, using an appropriate source of support I start my personal development plan by taken a self evaluation, focusing on my strengths as followsMotivated personEager to learn new skillsTeam builderInterested in the care sphereCaringI then decide on my goals in my job and where I indigence to be or what I want to achieve in my job Now I am a Care Team Leader I want to fully read up on all the essential standards set out by CQC. As I am still fairly new to this conduct I want to learn everything I can about this job and everything around this. This can not only benefit me but my staff, customers and the business. Keep up to date with the ongoing tr aining.Book my staff any additive/relevant training courses as and when they require them. I then set my goals/plan out. Part of my development as a Care Team Leader is also gaining my level 5 qualification. This expands on my NVQ level 3 and can only benefit me and the business in the long term.What is my goal?What do I need to do?What resources do I need?Who can help me?What is my timescale?Read up and understand all essential standards set out by CQCRead guidance of compliance Essential standards of quality and safety Sign up for email alerts to keep up to date on any changesDownload and print out a copy of the booklet. (not only for myself but for staff also)Keep up to date on all training that is available for meMake sure training is completed on timeKeep up to date on all policies and procedures set out by the businessComplete my level 5 qualification by August 2015Keep up to date on completing my unitsGain more knowledge and experienceBecome a NVQ assesor.Goals will be added to the development plan as and when3.3 Establish a process to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan I will evaluate and amend my professional development plan regularly using the SMART technique which is outlined as followed Specific target a specific area for improvementMeasurable quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress Assignable specify who will do itRealistic state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resources Time-related specify when the results can be achieved By doing this I will be able to identify any problems or obstacles which may delay my progress and find ways in which to find the time to get back on track or find alternative ways if I am having trouble achieving them in my current way. At my regular supervisions my PDP will be discussed with my manager and the plan can be added to at any time with suggestions from them and additional ideas from myself.With regular meetings I can see how much I have achieved which will make me strive to achieve so much more but can also identify if the time allocated to a goal is in fact achievable and if not amend the time scale. This is not seen as a failure if not completed when originally said but just adjusting the reality. By completing my level 5 qualification I am setting myself a specific target and my knowledge of the care sector will only expand as I complete each unit. Perhaps learning something I would not of been aware of or looking at a topic in far more depth than I would of done before. I will have outside support from my assessor who will also review if I am setting myself the realistic targets taking into account my day to day role as Care Team Leader and also my personal/family life.4.1 Compare models of reflective practiceReflective practice is the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning, which some believe is wrong .1 According to one definition it involves paying critical attention to the practical set a nd theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight.2 Edgar schon an influential writer on rumination, described reflection in two main ways reflection in action and reflection on action. Reflection on action is looking back after the event whist reflection in action is happening during the event. I have explored these terms and have found the followingReflection in action meansTo think about what one is doing whilst one is doing it it is typically stimulated by surprise, by something which puzzled the practitioner concerned (Greenwood 1983) Reflection in action allows the person to redesign what they are doing whilst they are doing it. This approach can be used to improve practice by supporting individuals to question their routine work as they carry it out. They may measure their behaviour against their values and values of the organisation to ensure that these are consistent or to try a new approach t o an activity and evaluate its successReflection on action meansThe retrospective contemplation of practice undertaken in order to uncover the knowledge used in practical situations, by analysing and interpreting the information recalled (Fitzgerald 1994) I can see with reflection on action that it involves turning information into knowledge, by conducting a cognitive post mortem. This approach allows the worker to look at a specific incident, write a report about it and analyse what happened so they can see what additional knowledge or practical support would have been needed to prevent or give the incident a different outcome.It allows the person to establish what they can do to be better prepared when faced with a similar experience in the future, as well as providing an opportunity to identify shortcomings in knowledge or skills which can be rectified by themselves or passed onto management to provide specific training to that individual or as a team. Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing. He presented the stages of structured debriefing as follows after the initial experienceDescription What happened?Feelings What were your reactions and feelings?Evaluation What was good or magnanimous about the experience?Analysis What sense can you make of the situation? death (general) What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken? Conclusion (Specific) What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working?Personal action plans What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time? What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?4.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice to improve performance Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge trans fer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. Further, it is also an important way to be able to bring together theory and practice through reflection you are able to see and label schools of conception and theory within the context of your work. Reflective practice is important for my growth, to self-evaluate my working practice and so that I can recognise my weaknesses and strengths. Reflective practice enables me to learn from real events and to learn from any mistakes I may have made to help me improve in the future. This can only help in my professional development throughout my career.4.3 Use reflective practice and feedback from others to improve performance I use reflective practice on a regular basis in my job role. This comes in many different ways. For example From my staff they have a very good working knowledge of the care sector and often make suggestions on how things can work better with ways in which we look after our service users. Suggestions on what did not work for them and how we can help make their lives more fulfilled CQC They visit our establishment for their checks and they can advise how we can improve our service. Not because we are necessarily doing something wrong but because they can advise on a better way.From customers family and friends These are the people that know the customers the best and although we as an organisation may do things one way they can advise that this may work a different way for their loved ones. I need to learn to use my reflective practice to set and learn new ways. Some of the outcomes in using reflective practice may include making changes to my personal opinions or attitudes, undertaking further training to learn new ways of working or to understand a topic better, listening and seeking advice and help form external sources, colleagues etc, also learning from my own mistakes.4.4 Evaluate how practice has been improved throughReflection on best practic eReflection on failures and mistakesReflection on best practiceReflection on best practice helps me think about my own efforts and successes or achievements. Reflection is a critical thinking strategy in which i review and analyse my work, making connections between what I have learnt and my efforts. If I find something that works better than it did before I can then pass it on to the staff also vice versa.Reflection on failures and mistakesStating what the failure/mistake was, writing an account of why things went wrong, how it could be avoided, who was at fault can only mean that this will not happen again in the future. It will high light how the incident has changed working practices so that this knowledge can be passed on to other staff members and can be improved upon.

Nature vs. Nurture Essay

Over recent years the nature vs. nurture debate has been extensively discussed and researched. Should human characteristics such as intelligence, personality, carriage and ability be attributed to our genetics or our environment? One problem with this is how to pin a trait down to either an inherited or well-educated characteristic, or perhaps its both.Are we to burden for our demeanour or is inevitable due to our genetics? This doubtfulness and some others seems to be part of the contr oversy over the subject. Also, these questions play a factor in how to change and adapt behavior. Different techniques would be more than effective depending on the cause of a particular behavior or characteristic.When analyzing the causes of behavior problems in children the question of nature vs. nurture is a legitimate question. One recent study conducted by the University of Virginia and several others including one in Australia studied 1,045 twins and their 2,051 children. Some of the pare nts were identical twins with others being fraternal. This affected the amount of genes that were shared among the siblings. Participants were twins from a volunteer twin registry and breeding was gathered through a series of phone interviews beginning in 1993 and ending in 2003.The study discovered that spousal fighting wasnt to blame for behavioral problems in their children. Rather, it was the genes that influenced how often they argued with spouses. These genes when passed to their children caused more conduct problems. The conclusion of the study was that in family therapy, more focus on the child rather than the parents would be more effective (Society for Research in Child Development, 2007). This conclusion supports the theory that it is nature or our genetics that influence this particular behavior.On the other end of the spectrum other study involved observing children in different child cope settings. Researchers from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Dev elopment studied the children beginning in 1991 from the age of one month until they were school age. These 1,364 participants were selected at birth and were studied through phone and personal interviews at three month intervals. The childrens cognitive and social functioning was measured at certain intervals and followed up to thechildren on sixth grade. It was concluded that center based care yielded more aggression and noncompliance than other types of childcare, with the quality of childcare was also found to be a factor (Society for Research in Child Development, 2007). This conclusion supports the theory that it is nurture or our environment that influences this particular behavior and the type of care children receive is an important factor in a childs development.Both of these studies posed the question of whether the cause of a particular problem, this one being behavioral issues, is genetic or ones environment. Both of these studies looked exclusively at one cause or the other with little being discussed about the other possibilities. The differences in the studies was the length of time given to each study with the genetic study being short end point and the childcare study involving observations over a period of time. Another difference is the twin study looked at parents of a specific group, that being twins. The child care study looked at the children of many different types of parents.While both of these studies have their merits, neither study was able to conclusively determine the cause of behavioral problems sight as being attributed solely to genetics or the environment. The question of which one plays a greater role will likely continue to be asked. hopefully this leads to more research and answers that will further our understanding of human behavior.ReferencesSociety for Research in Child Development (2007, March 26). Center-based Care Yields More port Problems In Other Types Of Care, Problems Short-lived. ScienceDaily. Retrieved Mar ch 31, 2009, from http//www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/03/070326095340.htm.Society for Research in Child Development (2007, February 7). Parents Genes, Not Parents Arguing, May Cause Childrens Conduct Problems. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from http//www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/02/070207090943.htm.

EBay Inc. and Amazon.com Essay

E bespeak, Inc. and virago.comIntroductionProblem definition and historical context In broad spectrum, the case of eBay and virago explores the strategic interaction betwixt the two organizations as they embrace assorted business moldings. This case considers how challengers in the market can successfully challenge the rival in highly warring market where business is defined by strong network effects and fluctuating costs. The audiences in this case are given a chance to prize the merits and the demerits of the business platform utilized by eBay in contrast to amazons online based retail model (Harvard business school, 2012). In addition, the case allows those fire to evaluate business performance in the event of looping value because of the indirect interactions in the two industries. The case offers a vivid exploration and psycho outline of how Amazon expanded its business in the militant environment as well as discussing how eBay responded and the strategies they can ad opt to lower the difference in net profit between the two. All this is done through an in-depth analysis of acquisition of GSI commerce by eBay in 2011. Briefly, business competition is the main issue in this case. possibility re research Business competition between the two corporations rapidly grew in 2011, ten years after a story by Businessweek labeled eBay vs. Amazon was released. The publication by Businessweek clearly envisioned that between the two, the company that would win the biggest market share would probably dominate the future of internet-based business. By the time of this publication, Amazon was leading in all aspects of online transactions. Inherently, the history of the two corporations is based on Royal battle. The rivalry between the two companies is very high. Actually, Amazon and eBay are the biggest firms in online business. They are competitors of each other. Despite being in the same business, the two corporations have been operating by taking dispara te business approaches. In term of financial growth, Amazon had established itself as the market leader. Its financial aspects had grown by 37% as compared to eBays 6% (Harvard business school, 2012). Moreover, eBay specializes in instruction on being a facilitator in internet business while Amazon focuses on becoming a one-stop platform. It is in the is respect that the case establishes that Amazon in the long-run will outrun eBay in the online stage. The two companies expand their markets by merging with other related companies.Industry/Goal/Product EBay confederacy offers a market place where both retailers and buyers interact. The company aims at enabling both buyers and sellers to agree at a neutral price that can be referred to as action price. Similar to Amazon, e bay offers its clients with variety of products where they can choose on what to buy or sell. Both companies deal with used near(a) but strictly dealing with e commerce as mode of payment.Generic Strategies Gr id (2 char. per axis)291909541338500 The generic strategies are mostly applied in analyzing competitive usefulness of the business environment of both companies.Cost leadership Differentiation147637518796000Cost focus Differentiation focusThis chart articulates ways how e Bay company can gain competitive advantage over the other viable competitors.Five Forces Model In business context, Five Forces Model is overriding as they help then businesses analyze their competitive advantage. It is paramount to envision both internal and external business environment so in hunting lodge to develop viable strategies to remain in the competitive edge. In reference to the case study, the Five Forces Model will greatly help to analyze the earnest competition between Amazon.com and e Bay. More importantly, Five Forces Model is a viable tool to help both companies to plan in ways such(prenominal) as coming up with new products pick uped by the clients. Supplier Power is the first element tha t deals with suppliers and prices of the commodities (Harvard business school, 2012). With the intense competition as witnessed in the case study, each company is striving with best ways how they can demand the prices of commodities to lower. Indeed, E bay has collaborated with many suppliers by offering clients with variety of products ranging from different prices. Buyer Power is the second element in the Five Forces Model. Ultimately, this element is concerned on how best the buyers can bring down prices of commodities. Quite different from Amazon, E bay has offered their guests with a direct linkage with their suppliers with an urge to bring down cost of goods. Competitive Rivalry is another model vital to understand all potential competitors around the business. As noted in the case study, potential competitors in this industry include newspapers cites, music or video shops and in the flesh(predicate) homepages among others. Threat of Substitution is less as both companies have a strong CRM hence making it difficult for other companies to displace them in the market. Lastly, the companies organisation intense competion from Threat of New Entry companies such as yahoo among others.Strategic analysisValue chain analysis Value chain analysis entails analysis of the manner in which companies ensure value creation to their customers with the use of their resources and strategies. In relation to eBay, the company ensures value creation to their customers through price cutting, enhancing its customer search capabilities and ensuring its new business model. The companys inbound logistics are well-built. EBay is tight-lipped in regard to their approach to payment processing, communications, website operations and more importantly customer support. With respect to its operations, the company does not restrict the maintenance of a marketplace and this resulted to it entering new markets outside U.S.A in 2011 (Harvard business school, 2012). Evidently, eBay un like Amazon is depicted a powerful in relation to its operations. With the introduction of its core business segments, that is communications, payments and marketplaces, eBay aimed to maintain the trust and opportunity by developing new business communities globally with the help of e- business. In this case, the company compared to Amazon generated much revenue and increased its popularity around the world.Project risk model Project risk management aims to streak the companys capabilities and risks and the most effective measures it adopts to prevent various risks as it conducts business. With respect to experience risk model, eBay is depicted as one with clear project risk management process. On the other hand, Amazon also has a well established project risk model to address companys capabilities and risks.Model justification The business model assumed by eBay that is auctions marketplace is depicted by the article and paramount in ensuring the success of the company peculi arly in the competitive business environment. The model provides effective and efficient means of payments, communication and means of entering new markets. Based on the article, the business model assumed by the company connects buyers and sellers in such a way that it ensures value creation. The model is also portrayed as effective as it alter the revenue of the company in the year in 1999 (Harvard business school, 2012).Alternatives flow from strategic models To ensure its competitive, eBay according to the article used groundbreaking business platforms and models to realise more customers globally. However, the article depicts that the company should also focus on expanding and transforming its business and project risk models in areas such as marketing and services to its customers. In this case, the company should be in a position to compete with competitors such as Amazon.Technology and costs Technological changes are occurring drastically hence citing the need why the companies should be at par with these innovations. The technology used by both companies is effective to enhance the search catalog and ability to retrieve info at ease hence cutting operational cost. Use of AWS has huge benefits, as it is not only reliable but also secure. Another advantage of this technology in relation to cost is that it is simple in scalability. Use of superior technology such as AWS, S3, catalogue and EC2 enhances the company to reduce stock-still prices of commodities (Harvard business school, 2012).Recommendation Competition between the two corporations is high and specifically eBay should adopt several strategies to minimize the available gap. For instance, eBay should embrace better advertisement strategies and search for better advertisement partners. This will help attract some of the Amazons customers to their side. Secondly, to ensure that they stand a chance to reduce the business gap, eBay should focus on its strengths. getting into the digital m edia sales should be another area to strategize on. In terms of internet technology, eBay should ensure better internet search as well ensuring meliorate tagging approaches. Lastly, it is of importance for eBay to reduce the PayPal fees to entice and attract more clients. On the other hand, Amazon should materialize on making their products better besides competing with their close competitor on price.ReferenceHarvard business school.(2012). Bay, Inc. and Amazon.com (A) and (B).Source document

Business Case for Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project Essay

1.0 Introduction/ BackgroundManage Your Health, Inc. (MYH) is an international company that provides a variety of wellness disquiet serve across the globe. MYH has more than 20,000 full-time employees and more than 5,000 part-time employees. MYH recently updated its strategic plan, and key goals imply reducing inseparable costs, increasing cross-selling of products, and exploiting new Web-based technologies to help employees, customers, and suppliers work together to improve the development and rescue of its health care products and services. 2.0 Business ObjectiveThe Recreation and wellness Intranet Project provide an application on the present-day(prenominal) intranet to help employees improve their health. This application allow for allow employees to access various wellness programs through an internal intranet site.3.0 Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity StatementCurrently MYH pays 20 percent more than the industry average for employee health care premiums, primaril y due to the poor health of its employees. Adding this application to the current intranet will allow employees to picture for company- helpered classes and programs to help them manage their weight, reduce stress, stop fume, and manage other health-related issues The intent will not simply include assureation about healthier lifestyles, but it will to a fault include classes that our employees can totality to take care of such issues as smoking cessation, weight loss and stress management. We can as well as offer incentives for employees that join and achieve their goals, such as successful weight loss.4.0 Critical Assumption and ConstraintsRecreation and Wellness Intranet Project essential demonstrate its value to MYH as a new Web-based technology. The project team should be able to use existing hardware and software to. The new application must be substantially accessible by employees and be secured.MYH must get behind the project, and make it as visible as possible. 5.0 Analysis of Option and RecommendationThere are three options for addressing this opportunity 1. Do nothing. We can continue to pay the change magnitude health care costs. 2. Farm out the service to another company. This way our employees can partake of the needful services without having to build and support these services in-house. 3. Build the Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project and run it in-house. We tactual sensation that the third option is the best one. This will have lower the costs and allow us ruin control the project.6.0 Preliminary Project RequirementsThe main features of the Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project will be to inform employees about health issues and allow them to 1. Register for company-sponsored recreational programs 2. Register for company-sponsored classes and programs to include weight loss, stress reduction, smoking cessation and other health related issues. 3. Track data on employee participation. 4. Offer incentives for employees to joi n programs and do well. 5. Other features as they are suggested by our employees and health insurance providers, if they add value to our business.7.0 Budget project and Financial AnalysisA preliminary estimate of the cost for the entire project is $200,000. This includes the hire of a temporary project manager, and the hours used by current employees to work on the project. Project savings comes in the form of reduced health insurance cost due to a healthier workforce that makes fewer claims.8.0 Schedule EstimateThe sponsor feels that the project can be completed in 6 months, but there is some style to go over without adverse effects. The system should have an indefinite lifespan, as the increased participation by employees will keep our health insurance cost down.9.0 Potential RisksThere are a few risks intricate with the Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project. The main risk is in our employees not participating in the various services offered. Therefore, employee input is ne cessary to make sure that those services offered are those that employees are interested in. We must also make sure that the various managers allow the employees to partake in the services.The secondary risk is that of the technical type. We must make sure that we use technologies that are currently employed by our current Intranet and HR departments. This will insure smooth integration with our current assets, and decrease the possibility of non-compatibility.