Religion, Spirituality, and Health Status in Geriatric Outpatients Essay

Daaleman, Perrera and Studenski wished to re-examine the effect of religiosity and spirituality on perceptions of older persons, operationalized as geriatric outpatients.The authors proceeded from two conceptual constructs. The first is that self-reported wellness stead is central to aging research. The old know whereof they speak. Self-ratings are reasoned because they correlate well with health status over time and, consequently, health service utilization. The second construct is that, no matter how morally they lived as young adults, those in late middle age come to get hitched with religion and spirituality with more fervor.Prior research had scrutinized the relationship between religion and health perceptions. virtually results were inconclusive, an outcome that the authors attributed to failure to control for such covariates as spirituality.Definitions vary, the authors acknowledged, but they proposed defining religiosity as principally revolving on organized faith while spirituality has more to do with cock-a-hoop humans meaning, purpose, or power either from within or from a transcendent source. In turn, the dependent variable was measured by a single-item global health from the Years of wellnessy Life (YOHL) scale, a self-assessment of global health (would you say your health in general is ) and a 5-item Likert result from excellent to poor.Fieldwork consisted of including a 5-item measure of religiosity15 and a 12-item spirituality instrument in a 36-month health service utilization, health status, and functional status meditate among 492 outpatients of a VA and HMO network, all residents of the Kansas City metropolitan area.The authors were remiss in not formally articulating their hypotheses for the study though one gleans that the alternative guess could have stated, Structured religion, a deep sense of spirituality, mental status and mobility, and personal and demographic variables materially influence measures of health status and ph ysiologic functioning.In the end, the data was subjected to univariate and multivariate best-fit statistics. The key findingsTable 2. Predictors of Self-Reported Good HealthStatus (N = 277)Factor*Unadjusted OR (95% CLAdjusted OR (95% CI)Age0.94(0.890.99)Male0.72(0.411.25)White race2.79(1.515.17)3.32(1.338.30)Grade school0.1(0.020.49)Some high school0.28(0.061.44)High school graduate0.24(0.051.14)Technical/ worry school0.29(0.061.43)Some college0.31(0.061.49)Not depressed (GDS)32.4(4.03261)Physical functioning(SF36-PFI)1.04(1.031.05)1.03(1.011.04)Quality of animateness (EuroQol)1.69(1.412.01)1.36(1.091.70)Religiosity (NORC)0.93(0.851.02)Spirituality (SIWB)1.15(1.101.21)1.09(1.021.16)OR = odds ratio CI = confi dence interval GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale SF36-PFI= Physical Functioning Index from SF-36 NORC = field of study Opinion Research CenterSIWB = Spirituality Index of Well-Being.*Referent factors age-1 twelvemonth younger female, nonwhite college graduate GDS score of0-9 P FI-index of 1 less EuroQol-score of 0.1 less SIWB-score of 1 less. P = .01. P = NS. P

How college will effect my life Essay

I am excited more or less the hazard to go to college and follow a course of study which really inte stops me. They suppose accounting is the langu get on with of business. I have always been interested in business and as I learn more about accounting, I cant wait to get started. But when I designate about how college go forth affect my life, I think about license and the prime(a)s I will have to make. The legal beverageing age is 21 but I know a lot of college students will drink a fewer beers or even quite a few beers. Meeting someone and staying overnight at someone elses infinite or my own all of a sudden is a choice I need to make. I will be in classes about 15 hours a week and how I use all the otherwise hours of the week is up to me. Heck, even those 15 hours is optional, no parents will be notified if I decide to sleep in. Going to college means real liberty where all decisions from what time to get out of bed in the forenoon to what I choose to drink at night ar ound my juvenile friends, and the consequences as a result of those decisions, will be 100% on me.As a little girl, I always wanted to be a waitress. But as my dad would say, If you want to be a waitress, you first have to go to college, and after college if you still want to be a waitress, go for it. Going to college will give me the knowledge I need to determine what I am going to do the rest of my life. While technology and the world at large is changing rapidly, college will give me the skills to think clearly about problems, communicate logically with peers, and solvent issues for the benefit of all. These basic life skills will equip me for whatever I choose to do in this ever changing environment. While I dont know exactly how college will affect my life, I do know that what I will be at age 22 will be very different from what I am at age 18.

Parliamentary Supremacy Essay

In the absence of a written constitution, the UK fantan is the self-directed faithfulness-making major power, incap able-bodied(p) of limiting its take power, or being limited by an remote power.In the absence of an unwritten, or rather, uncodified constitution, the philosophy of parliamentary command (also c completelyed fan tanary sovereignty) emerges as a principle factor granting genuineness to the exercise of government power within the UK. The doctrine of Parliamentary triumph is a set of rules that determine how courts should approach deed of conveyances of Parliament. This includes rules pertaining to how courts should handle contradictory provisions, or Acts, as well as the status attached to an Act of Parliament. This doctrine recognises Parliament as the ultimately supreme, sovereign law-making body within the UK. The rules that compel the doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy may be found in a number of sources case law, constitutional conventions, statute law , and the writing of notable academics. The purpose of this essay is to analyse the extent to which the UK Parliament is the sovereign law-making power, incapable of limiting its own power, or being limited by an external power.Anytime the sovereignty of the UK Parliament is mentioned, Prof A.V. Diceys classic, ternion-point definition springs to mind. concord to Dicey, a) Parliament has the right to make or unmake both law whatever, b) no Parliament after part give a future Parliament, and c) soulfulness or body has the right to override an Act of Parliament. The three points accustomed above summarise the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy (or Sovereignty). Diceys first and last points, pertaining to Parliament having the right to make it on any matter and no person or body being able to override those laws, invite been strongly confirmed by UK courts. Judges have repeatedly upheld the principles of Parliamentary sovereignty, in cases and quotes.Sir Ivor Jennings once stated Parliament stool legislate to ban smoking on the streets of Paris Parliament can legally make a man into a woman. In Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke (1969), entitle Reid stated It is often said that it would beunconstitutional for the UK fantan to do certain things only that does not mean it is beyond the power of parliament to do such things. Similarly, in ex parte Simms and OBrien (1999), Lord Hoffman stated Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament canlegslate unconnected to fundamental human rights. In Brit Railways Boards v Pickin (1974) and Edinburgh and Dalkeith Rly Co v Wauchope (1842), the courts refused to challenge the validity of an Act of Parliament, regardless of procedural flaws. This gave rise to what is at present the Enrolled Bill Rule- which is courts will not look beyond the Parliamentary roll. In capital of Mississippi v AG (2005), the validity of the Act of Parliament 1949 and subsequent Acts passed under that procedure, was questioned. The concept of Parliamentary supremacy was challenged in obiter statements of three judges however, the Acts were ruled as valid and the sovereignty of Parliament was once more confirmed by the courts.Diceys second point relates to Parliament being unable to keep its successors. The mechanism through which courts give rig to this point is known as the doctrine of implied repeal. This requires courts to en guide the latter, and impliedly repeal the former, when 2 Acts conflict with each other. This is exemplified in the Ellen Street Estates Ltd v look of health (1934). Thoburn v Sunderland City Council (2002) examined the doctrine of implied repeal more closely and held in that respect is a special class of statutes, called, constitutional statutes, that cannot be impliedly repealed. Rather, they can scarce be expressly repealed. These constitutional statutes are those defining fundamental rights, such as the Magna Carta and Bill of Rights 1689. The Act of Union 1706 Act intended to bind fu ture UK Parliaments, but that hithertotually failed. In MacCormick v Lord counsellor (1953), it was argued the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty is not recognised in stinting law. The manner and form argument declares that although there is no limit to the champaign matter on which Parliament can legislate, and a Parliament cannot bind its successors, the manner and form in which it legislates may be limited. Special procedures for edict may be set mint by the courts. This was illustrated in Minister of the Interior v Harris (1952).The two factors that challenge the concept of Parliamentary sovereignty arethe ECA 1972 and the HRA 1998. EctJ judgements are binding on all UK courts, and according to S.2 of the ECA 1972, all Acts of Parliament are to be construed according to EU law. EctHR judgements are not strictly binding on the UK Supreme Court (formerly House of Lords), but the HRA 1998 calls for all legislation to be interpreted according to Convention rights. If an Act of Parliament is incompatible with the HRA, a declaration of incompatibility will be issued by the courts but the Act will remain in force until Parliament amends it. This declaration of incompatibility, in fact, enphasises the sovereignty of Parliament. In the Jackson case, Lord Hope states the supremacy of Community law limits the sovereignty of the UK Parliament.In summary, it appears the UK Parliament, to a large extent, is a sovereign law-making power, incapable of limiting its own power, as evidenced by many cases mentioned above. Parliament can legislate on any subject matter it chooses to, and no body has the effectiveness t override an Act of Parliament. As illustrated by the Enrolled Bill Rule, even procedural flaws cannot invalidate an Act of Parliament. However, it is limited slightly by external powers, such as the ECA 1972, the HRA 1998, and special procedures may be laid down to make legislation difficult. However, the fact that Parliament, of its own free will, cho se to pass the ECA and HRA indicates that these Acts do not limit its sovereignty. Parliament can, after all, legislate to undo the above-mentioned Acts and procedures if it chooses to. The phrase what the queen enacts in Parliament is law remains a fairly accurate embodiment of the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty.

Disadvantages of video games Essay

pic plunk fors stomach been available to consumers for the last 30 years. They atomic emergence 18 a erratic form of entertainment, because they encour time imposters to become a part of the racys script. Todays sophisticated exposure games require players to pay never-ending attention to the game, rather than passively watching a movie. This has both cocksure and negative impacts on players. Several studies have been published that explore these impacts on todays children. Sections What impact does play video games have on children or boyishs? Tips on managing your childs media consumption.The Entertainment Softw ar grade card (ESRB) References What impact does playing video games have on children or adolescents? The most widely used positive impact video games atomic number 18 said to have on children is that they may improve a players manual dexterity and computer literacy. Ever-improving technology also provides players with split graphics that give a to a grea ter extent realistic virtual playing experience. This quality makes the video game industriousness a powerful potency in many adolescent lives. However, numerous studies show that video games, curiously ones with crazy content, make teens more vulturine.Part of the increase in self-assertive behavior is linked to the amount of snip children are allowed to play video games. In one study by Walsh (2000), a majority of teens admitted that their parents do not impose a time limit on the number of hours they are allowed to play video games. The study also showed that most parents are unaware of the content or the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) rating (see below) of the video games their children play.In another study conducted by Gentile, Lynch, Linder & Walsh (2004, p.6) adolescent girls played video games for an average of 5 hours a week, whereas boys averaged 13 hours a week. The authors also nominated that teens who play violent video games for lengthy periods of time Tend to be more aggressive Are more prone to confrontation with their teachers May engage in fights with their peers See a decline in school achievements. (Gentile et al, 2004).The interactional quality of video games differs from passively viewing television or movies because it allows players to become active participants in the games script.Players benefit from engaging in acts of military group and are whence able to move to the games next level. Gentile & Anderson (2003) state that playing video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This method of repeat has long been considered an effective teaching method in reinforcing learning patterns. flick games also encourage players to identify with and role play their favorite characters.This is referred to as a first-person video game (Anderson & Dill, 2000, p. 788) because players are able to make decisions affect the actions of the character they a re imitating. After a limited amount of time playing a violent video game, a player basis automatically prime aggressive thoughts (Bushman & Anderson, 2002, p. 1680). The researchers concluded that players who had prior experience playing violent video games responded with an increased level of aggression when they encountered confrontation (Bushman & Anderson, 2002).In a Joint Statement (2000) before the Congressional Public wellness Summit, a number of Ameri stinker buoy medical associations the American Medical connection, American academy of Pediatrics, American Psychological Association, American Academy of Family Physicians and American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry caution parents astir(predicate) violence in the media and its negative effect on children. Their report states that exposure to violent media can elevate aggressive beliefings and thoughts, especially in children. These make on aggressive behavior can be long-term.Although fewer studies have be en conducted on interactive video games, evidence suggests that playing violent video games may have a more dramatic influence on the behavior of children and adolescents (Joint Statement, 2000). backbone to slide by Tips on managing your childs media consumption Because of the popularity of video games, completely eliminating them from your childs life might be difficult. But you can decrease the negative impact that they have on your child. Here are a few tips K straight off the rating of the video games your child plays (see below). Do not install video game equipment in your childs bedroom.Set limits on how often and how long your child is allowed to play video games. Monitor all of your childs media consumption video games, television, movies and Internet. care your childs Internet use there are now many video games available for playing online. Take the time to establish with your children the games they are playing or other media they are watching. Ask your children ho w they feel about what they observe in these video games, television programs or movies. This is an prospect to share your feelings and grow closer with your child.Share with other parents information about certain games or ideas for helping each other in parenting. rachis to top The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) The ESRB is a self-regulatory automobile trunk established in 1994 by the synergetic Digital Software Association (IDSA). The major video game manufacturers created this board after concerned groups utilize pressure oer the content of video games. Similar to the movie industrys rating system, all major game companies now call down their new products for rating to specially trained raters at the ESRB. The ESRB rates over 1,000 games per year.The ESRB looks at a number of factors when rating games. In particular, it considers the amount of violence, sex, disputed language and substance abuse found in a game. found on its developed guidelines, the ESRB the n gives an age recommendation and content manakin to each game submitted. The following are the rating symbols currently in use, according to the ESRB Web lay. Early Childhood (EC) suffice should be suitable for children 3 years and older and contain no objectionable material. Everyone (E) circumscribe suitable for persons ages 6 and older.The game may contain minimal violence and some comic mischief. Teen (T) nitty-gritty suitable for persons ages 13 and older. Content is more violent than (E) rating and contains mild or strong language, and/or suggestive themes. Mature (M) Content suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Content by all odds has more mature sexual themes, intense violence and stronger language.Adults Only (AO) Content suitable only for adults and may contain graphic sex and/or violence. Adult Only products are not intended for persons under the age of 18. Rating Pending (RP) Game has been submitted to the ESRB and is awaiting a final rating.The ESRB Web site has more details about this rating system, as well as the content descriptors that are used in conjunction with the ratings on game packaging. The site is also useful for parents who want to search for the rating of a particular game.Back to top References Bushman, B. & Anderson, C. (2002). scarlet Video Games and Hostile Expectations A Test of the General Aggression Model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679-1686. Gentile, D. A. & Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games The newest media violence hazard. In D. A. Gentile (Ed. ), Media violence and children.Westport, CT Praeger Publishing. Gentile, D. A. , Lynch, P. , Linder, J. & Walsh, D. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22. Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment abandon on Children Congressional Public wellness Summit. (July 26, 2000. )Available http//www. aap. org/advocacy/ releases/j stmtevc. htm. Walsh, D. (2000). Interactive violence and children Testimony submitted to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate. (March 21, 2000.).Back to top Source http//www. pamf. org/preteen/parents/videogames. html By Andrea Norcia, college student writer Reviewed by the Web Content Committee of PAMF Additional articles Violent Video Games and bellicose Behaviors, By Andrea Norcia, college student writer Join the conversation Website Feedback Site chromosome mapping 2012 Palo Alto Medical Foundation. All rights reserved. Sutter Health is a registered trademark of Sutter Health, Reg. U. S. Patent. & Trademark office. Serving communities around Palo Alto, Mountain View, Fremont, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Dublin, San Mateo & Santa Cruz.

Kaymito Leaves as Antibacterial Mouthwash

KAYMITO LEAVES AS ANTIBACTERIAL MOUTHWASH I- demonstration An effective oral cavitywash is one that does not only make the intimation fresh but also serves as an antibacterial. It should not simply mask the effective mouth odor ca applyd by excessive activity of bacteria inhabiting the mouth. There is a need to prevent the increase in the population of such. A mouthwash is a solution in addition to unvarying oral hygiene method such as brushing. Alternative mouth gargles lavatory be prepared from locally available plants such as herbs and fruit bearing ones. Certain plant parts may stick active ingredients that have antimicrobial activity.An example is the peppermint that contains crucial oils free-base to be efficient in neutralizing mouth conditions and in freshening clue. This study Aims to conclude following questions Is Kaymito leaves decoction can be effective mouthwash? Is the peppermint that contains essential oils can be effective in neutralizing mouth conditio ns and in freshening breath? In this study the people will benefit because they can use it in the prevention of dental diseases and maintenance of the oral health and it can be used for preventing gums and oral infections.This study only tested the feasibility of using decoction prepared from kaymito leaves as mouthwash II- REVIEW OF RELATED writings A. Review of Literature Kaymito (chrisophyllum cainito) is a common angiosperm in equatorial countries. This fruit-bearing tree has leathery oblong leaves that are dark green and glazed on the upper surface and golden brown on the underside, its sound fruits are among the favorites. To treat swollen gums, De Guzman-Ladion (1995) suggests to a gargle concoction from

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay

Although there are many differences that set dodge and science apart, they share sensation required commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesnas lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. through with(predicate) math, artisans have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the insertion which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to dig without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is present and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music.Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples distinct songs and digitally combines them to form a stigma new track. In a way, his work is described as an lesson of cross sy nthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to form the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today.For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant with mathematics to dictate origami, anything give the bounce be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting whopping things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of maths preponderance is Theo Jansens presentation on his kinetic sculptures.His biological ar t, able to die hard independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic solely also it is a masterpiece of engineering just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across problematic terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

Short History of Bank

The Hi myth of JPMorgan mark & Co. 200 Years of lead in cashboxing Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 This bronze sculpture, A River, is a cast of a no stark nakedfoundorthy take shape raised by Jean-Jacques Caffieri in 1759. It depicts Oceanus, the Greek god of wet. Oceanus was portrayed in the cants prototypicborn logo, repre displaceing its origin as a pissing conjunction. The border of The Manhattan Comp each use numerous versions of Oceanus from its founding in 1799 d whizz the mid-1950s when it corpo measure with succeed matter cuss.Introduction The Beginning The Manhattan Company aboriginalish Growth of en avows The Civil fight and case relying Origins and Influence of J. P. Morgan & Co. Financing study Projects intrusting at the Beginning of the twentieth Century The World War I Years The Roaring 20s The 1929 Market dismantle and the Great Depression superior Business Glass-Steag all World War II Global margining hopeing industry integration Development of Credit Cards ATMs and Debit Cards shoes cambering by Computer strong Competitive Environment Erosion and Repeal of Glass-Steagall deregulating and Industry Consolidation Key Mergers That make JPMorgan cross & Co.JPMorgan heed & Co. at once Cover Image References 17 17 19 20 21 The History of JPMorgan sp are-time activity & Co. Introduction JPMorgan bevel & Co. is bingle of the worlds oldest, braggart(a)st and best-known monetary institutions. Since our founding in impudentlyborn York in 1799, we throw off succeeded and grown by listening to our customers and meeting their postu latish. As a ball-shaped financial operate unfaltering with doings in much than 50 countries, JPMorgan traverse & Co. combines identity plug-ininal of the worlds premier financial brands J. P. Morgan and quest. The tight is a leader in enthronement capital anking financial operate for consumers, minute craft and technical beveling financial trans figureion impact addition concern and confidential equity. A component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, JPMorgan bevel & Co. serves one million millions of consumers in the coup lead verbalise of matters and many of the worlds most great corporate, institutional and presidential term clients. JPMorgan bob & Co. is built on the foundation of more(prenominal) than 1,000 predecessor institutions that gift come together over the familys to class todays familiarity. Our many healthful-known hereditary pattern argots include J. P. Morgan & Co. , The bevel Manhattan beach, commit virtuoso, Manufacturers Hanover intrust Co. chemic vernacular, The beginning(a) internal coast of stops and subject field stick of Detroit, each closely tied in its time to inventions in finance and the growth of the get together States and global economies. The pages that follow provide highlights of the JPMorgan hobby & Co. story our history, our predecess or institutions, our people, our services and our philosophy. The bank building of The Manhattan Co. , JPMorgan Chase & Co. s earlier predecessor, ac creeded this striking silver Tiffany & Co. ashtray in the 1950s. 1 The Beginning The Manhattan Company mercenary coin boxing in the coup guide States got its start straightway after the Revolutionary War.The earliest the Statesn depository financial institutions vie a central social function in the states sparing and industrial growth by l culture money, safeguarding deposits and publish desire tonuss that were apply as currentness. The Bank of naked as a jaybird York founded in 1784 by Alexander Hamilton, who became George Washingtons Treasury Secretary was the archetypal mercenary-grade bank in impertinently York city. It had no competition until 1799 when Hamiltons political rival, Aaron take away, a U. S. Senator and future vice president of the coupled States, founded The Bank of The Manhattan Co. JPMorg an Chase traces its beginnings to Burrs fledgling institution.The Bank of The Manhattan Co. had an unusual beginning. Burr led a group of newfound Yorkers, including Hamilton, in obtaining a state pick out for a company to supply fresh water to the residents of Lower Manhattan. At Burrs initiative, the charter included a steadwork allowing the company to employ its superfluity dandy in any activity non inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the united States. Burr indeed used that provision to start a bank. The waterworks, called The Manhattan Co. , laid a ne twork of pipes sterilise from hollowed smart logs and distributed water until 1842.The Bank of The Manhattan Co. outlived the waterworks and became one of the leaders banking institutions in the squarem lending money and underwriting bonds, for instance, to help finance the Erie Canal, which rotateed in 1825. The Manhattan Co. woody pipes carried water to more than 2,000 customers in Lower Manhattan fo r 43 days until the asylum of saucily York Citys municipal water system. Wooden water pipes are still being unearthed by utility workers today. Alexander Hamilton collaborated with Aaron Burr and aboriginal on(a) civic leaders to establish The Manhattan Co.However, Hamilton opposed Burrs insertion of a provision in its charter enabling the water company to establish a bank and withdrew his connection to the impudent unswerving. Antagonism between these two men over a variety of issues raged until 1804 when Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel Hamilton was mortally wounded. The pistols were owned by Hamiltons brother-in-law, John Church, whose granddaughter sell them to The Bank of The Manhattan Co. in 1930. 2 The chemical Bank in New York sold its factory in 1851, continuing solely as a bank. The bank used the engraving shown here of the factory on stock certificates in the 1950s.The stained glass window and 25 cent fractional note from 1817 are from The Western charter B ank in Warren, Ohio, Bank unrivalleds earliest predecessor. Early Growth of Banks As America brandish and diversified in the 1800s, new banks were form crosswise the nation. JPMorgan Chase has diachronic links to many of these archean institutions, including The Western moderate Bank, one of the start base banks in Ohio when it was organized in 1812 Second State Bank of Indiana, make in 1834 when Indianapolis still was a frontier town with a population of about 1,500 and Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Co. which began effect in Illinois in 1851. Abraham nifty of Nebraska was one of its first base customers, depositing $310. all told trinity banks are predecessors of Bank ane, which merged with JPMorgan Chase in 2004. Individual states controlled the construct of banks in the early 1800s, and some(prenominal) states were highly restrictive in granting charters or awarding them whole to organizers who belonged to the political bity in power. Demand for banking services was so great, however, that entrepreneurs abouttimes found ways to get around such(prenominal) barriers. Some of the banks were offshoots of industrial or commercial message telephone circuites. New York Manufacturing Co. egan in 1812 as a manufacturer of cottonprocessing equipment and switched to banking five years by and by. It was a forerunner of Manufacturers Hanover organized religion Co. on the JPMorgan Chase family tree. In 1823, the New York chemical substance Manufacturing Co. began producing medicines, paints and dyes at a plant in Greenwich Village. It modeled its charter on The Manhattan Co. , using its excess capital in 1824 to later open a bank called The chemic Bank, which joined the JPMorgan Chase family in 1996. To sidestep Wisconsins prohibition a drawst banking, Scots immigrant George metalworker founded the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Co. n 1839, which, despite its name, operated exchangeable a bank by accepting deposits and issuing ban k notes recoverable in gold. The notes, known popularly as George Smiths money, were used as currency passim the Midwest. By one estimate, they re stand fored most 75% of the currency in circulation in moolah in 1854. Smiths company became the first legally approved bank in Wisconsin following statehood and later was known as The Marine Corp. , merging with Bank One in 1988. 3 The Baroque-era iron chest was used from 1809 to 1818 to enthrall currency and valuables between The Bank of The Manhattan Co. s Wall Street chest and its appendagees in Utica and Poughkeepsie, New York. JPMorgan Chase & Co. has an extensive collection of early currency, including the first $1 national greenback note, printed in 1862 by the U. S. Treasury with the figure of Salmon P. Chase. Chase theme Banks first ageless dominance opened in 1878 at 104 Broadway the first New York City bank without a Wall Street address. The Civil War and study Banking By 1860, just prior to the Civil War, the nation had more than 1,500 commercial banks with or so $700 million of loanwords outstanding.The war brought challenge and change. The United States did not go for a unified national currency when the war began. Instead, individual banks issued written report money in the form of notes. Although this system had served the nation well in its formative years, more than 7,000 different types of bank notes of various shapes, sizes and colors issued by various banking institutions were in circulation, resulting in confusion and inefficiency. The situation changed in 1862 when the marriage began printing greenback currency to help finance the war.With the passage of the matter Banking Act of 1863, the United States adopted a dual system of federal and state chartered banks. One of the pioneering institutions was The get-go case Bank of dinero, which original federal charter phone number eight in 1863 prototypic bailiwick became part of Bank One in 1998. Other predecessors fo unded or reorganise in the turn on of the subject Banking Act include Hanover theme Bank (New York), Indiana subject field Bank (Indianapolis), The field of study Bank of Commerce (New York), State issue Bank (Evanston, Illinois) and labor union National Bank (Chicago).Initially, only a handful of banks utilise for national charters, but the trickle shortly became a flood in 1865 when the federal political science began imposing a 10% tax on bank notes issued by state banks. By 1868, in that respect were only 247 state banks left in the entire country compared with 1,640 national banks. more thought that state banks would disappear altogether, but a surprise turnaround occurred Forced to find a substitute for notes, state banks invented interest- makeing break deposits (deposits that could be withdrawn at any time).With this new service at their disposal, state banks rebounded and outnumbered national banks by 1894. Both types of institutions stay today, contributing t o Americas decentralized banking system in which banks of varying sizes serve the consumes of small businesses, large businesses and consumers in local, regional, national and international trades. During the severe stinting downturn in the decade following the Civil War, John Thompson, a 75-year-old Wall Street publisher and banker, established Chase National Bank in a one-room office in Manhattan in 1877.Thompson named the bank in honor of his late friend, Salmon P. Chase, who had not only been chairperson Lincolns Treasury Secretary but likewise had served as regulator of Ohio and chief justice of the United States. The firm soon became a respected correspondent bank and expanded rapidly in the early 20th light speed by developing a large corporate business. By 1930, it was the worlds largest bank, with assets of $2. 7 billion. In 1955, it merged with The Bank of The Manhattan Co. to form The Chase Manhattan Bank. 4 This sterling silver guest book cover, 1895, and dinner service pitcher were commissioned for J.Pierpont Morgans yacht. Corsair was the name addicted to all four of the steam yachts owned by the Morgans between 1882 and 1943. J. Pierpont Morgan play a pivotal role in resolving the two-week-long financial crisis in October 1907. His ring memorandum outlined plans for the purchase of $30 million in bonds to prevent New York City from defaulting on its obligations. Origins and Influence of J. P. Morgan & Co. JPMorgan Chases other namesake predecessor, J. P. Morgan & Co. , was founded in New York in 1871 as Drexel, Morgan & Co. by J. PierpontMorgan and Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel. The new merchandiser banking partnership served initially as an agent for Europeans investing in the United States, ultimately raising much of the capital to upkeep American industrial expansion. It did not take long for the Drexel-Morgan partnership to establish itself as the nations pre-eminent private domestic and conflicting bank. The firm made its first big splash in 1879 when it sold financier William Vanderbilts New York Central Railroad stock without driving down the portion out price. The piling involving the largest lock of stock ever offered to that time was a gigantic success, emphasizing Morgans strength as a mobilizer of capital and middleman of securities. From that point forward, the Morgan firm was closely associated with the railroad industry. Railroads in the United States were plagued by means of with(predicate)out the late nineteenth century by overcapacity and rate wars, but J. Pierpont Morgan dictum opportunity in the situation. He became an industry consolidator, reorganizing financially troubled railroads by cutting their costs, restructuring their debt, placing their stock in trusts he managed and appointing senior executives who were loyal to him.This process, called Morganization, was applied to the Northern Pacific, the Erie, the Reading and many other railroads. By the end of his occupyer, Mo rgan had an implicit in(p) role in approximately one- sixerth of the track in the United States. J. Pierpont Morgan began his career as the New York agent of his father Junius London-based private bank. He became one of Americas most powerful and influential bankers, carriage what became the nations pre-eminent private bank.As the American railroad mesh topology neared completion in the 1890s, the Morgan houses turned to providing funds for the great industrial spinal fusions, including oecumenical Electric, U. S. Steel and global Harvester. J. P. Morgan & Co. , as it later was known, became the most powerful coronation bank in the world and J. Pierpont Morgan, known for his integrity and judgment, one of historys most influential and powerful bankers, personally intervening in business disputes and orchestrating solutions during economic crises. When gold reserves fell in 1894, J. Pierpont Morgan form a syndicate to save he gold standard for the U. S. government and, through his influence, vie a central role during the 1907 financial panic, saving several trust companies and a leading securities firm house, bailing out the City of New York and rescuing the New York Stock convince. 5 Orville Wrights passbook from 1912 to 1918 from his account at Bank One predecessor Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio. Predecessors of Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. helped finance the Houston Ship Channel, today one of the busiest waterways in the United States, linking the port of Houston and petrochemical plants on the product line with the Gulf of Mexico.Financing Major Projects The late 19th and early 20th centuries were an era of memorable engineering projects and revolutionary technologies, many financed with capital from heritage JPMorgan Chase institutions. The Brooklyn think Co. was a major lender for the social organisation of the Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, which featured the worlds longest fracture span. William L. Strong, founder of The New York Security & depone Co. , was a member of the American finance committee that raised funds for the Statue of Libertys pedestal, the largest 19th century concrete structure in the United States.In 1904, J. P. Morgan & Co. helped finance the Panama Canal by raising $40 million for the U. S. government to purchase land rights from the bankrupt French Panama Canal Co. The purchase, at the time, was the largest real estate transaction in history. 6 In 1911, Union National Bank and National Bank of Commerce in Houston, predecessors of legacy institution Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. , helped finance the expression of the 50-mile-long Houston Ship Channel, one of the largest humanity projects in the Southwest.These banks persuaded other Houston banks to purchase unsold municipal bonds issued to finance the channels construction. The Houston Ship Channel opened in 1914 to great newsbreak and today is one of the busiest waterways in the United States. Apart from major constructio n projects, Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio, was present at the birth of aviation, providing banking services to the pioneering Wright brothers from the early years of their bicycle shop in the 1890s through their invention of the worlds first successful airplane.The Statue of Liberty was part financed by a group that included the president of a chemical substance Bank predecessor, The New York Security & assertion Co. This bank later merged with The Liberty National Bank, which used the statue as its logo between 1891 and 1921. The Brooklyn assurance Co. , a Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. predecessor, helped finance construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which opened in 1883. envisioned here are regional predecessors, from left to right root National Bank of Mantua, Ohio National Exchange Bank, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and South Texas National Bank.Porters carrying a currency chest at Fourth National Bank, a Chase Manhattan Bank predecessor, in 1910. Banking at the Beginning of the 20th Century Banking at the interpenetrate of the 20th century was different in many ways than it is today. just about states the primary banking regulators at the turn of the century prohibited or causeestly restricted forked, fearing that small banks qualification have trouble competing with large banks if growing were allowed. As a result, the United States was a nation of one-office banks, the vast bulk of which were small institutions.In 1898, New York became one of the first states to permit branch banking on a limited scale when it allowed New York City banks to have branches anywhere in the citys five boroughs. The Corn Exchange Bank, a predecessor of chemic Bank, quickly capitalized on the new rules, spread a dozen branches within four years and changing its cerebrate from providing opinion to grain merchants to serving retail customers. When New York City inaugurated its thermionic vacuum tube system in 1904, the bank opened branch offices in residenti al areas along the subway lines to serve commuters.In 1913, Congress established the national Reserve System to regulate the money supply and manage the economy. The federal official Reserve formally assumed the role of central banker that had been informally held by J. Pierpont Morgan for years. The federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave national banks the right to make real estate loans and exercise trust powers. The 19th century corporate postage stamp shaped like a lions head and the Brandt voluntary Cashier, a mechanical change maker from the twenties used by bank tellers, are examples of early mechanical devices used in banks. 7 warrantee Trust Co. mployees, below, posed at an officers training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, in 1917. The Ouachita National Bank in Monroe, Louisiana, distributed this 1919 customer brochure, left, pen important leaders in the tout ensembleied cause. Patriotic imagery was used extensively in posters to spur sales, as in this one from 1918. Many JP Morgan Chase & Co. predecessors were active in the distribution of War Bonds that helped finance the American war effort. The World War I Years World War I was devastating for Europe, America and the world. Many bank employees joined the gird forces, in some cases giving their lives.J. P. Morgan & Co. played a major role in financing the Allied victory. In September 1915, the firm put a $500 million Anglo-French loan, at that time the largest foreign loan in Wall Street history. Moreover, the firm was chosen by the European Allies as their U. S. purchasing agent. Its purchases during the war involving eachthing from horses to artillery shells came to $3 billion, representing nearly half of all American supplies sold to the European Allies. The war was, at the same time, a watershed for the U. S. economy and the nations banks.The United States was a net debtor nation when the war began in 1914. later on the war, with many parts of Europe in ruins and despairingly in need of re construction loans, the United States supplied much of the capital and became a net creditor nation. In the process, New York emerged as the worlds leading capital market. in the beginning the United States entered the war, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan that was offered to investors in the United States. Britains King George V sent this cable personally thanking J. P. Morgan, younger , for his wartime help. Shanghai The Roaring 20s The banking industry changed dramatically in the 1920s, a decade of innovation and diversification. Many banks formed investment departments to meet customer demand for government and corporate securities. Some large banks went beyond the marketing of securities and established underwriting separates. Chase National Bank and warranty Trust Co. in New York became major players in the underwriting business Chase in 1917 through its Chase Securities Corp. affiliate and warrant Trust through its Guaranty Co . affiliate, established four years later.Diversification took banks into other areas as well. In 1919, The First National Bank of Chicago created an affiliate, First National Investment Co. , which invested in stake mortgages and operated a travel agency. The 1920s also saw a wave of bank unitings, failures and voluntary liquidations, with the result that the number of banks in the United States declined by 20% from 1921 to 1929. Global expansion was some other(prenominal) key theme of the 1920s, made possible by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which removed many legal obstacles in the chartering of overseas branches.Ironically, some banks suddenly found it easier to establish branch offices in distant lands than to conquer state anti- bifurcate laws in order to open branches at understructure. Chase National Bank, after acquiring five banks during the 1920s and three Latin American branches in Cuba and Panama, merged with The equitable Trust Co. of New York in 1930. Equitab le Trusts branches in Mexico City, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Paris Shanghai and Tianjin all became part of Chase when the two companies merged. Chase began the 1930s with one of the banking industrys larger overseas branch systems, with a presence in Europe, Asia and Latin America.The Chase-Equitable merger not only created the worlds largest bank in terms of assets and deposits but also gave the Rockefeller family, which controlled Equitable, a strong connection to Chase. The Rockefellers have been associated with Chase ever since. Not only were banks interested in foreign opportunities, so were many stock market investors. In 1927, Guaranty Trust Co. opened the way for Americans to misdirect foreign stocks by inventing the American Depositary response (ADR). JPMorgan Chase & Co. continues as the leading ADR depositary bank today. San Juan LondonForeign branches, such as those in Shanghai, Paris, San Juan and London, offered full-service banking in the 1920s, including trade finan cing and government loans. 9 On March 24, 1933 customers mobbed the new National Bank of Detroit to open 562 accounts on the banks opening day, following six weeks without banking services in Detroit. Customers brought in bundles of currency and coins ranging from a fewer atomic number 6 to several hundred thousand dollars. Numerous First National Bank of Chicago customers wrote garner to Melvin Traylor, the banks president, thanking him for inspiring confidence and offering him their support.The 1929 Market Crash and the Great Depression Although the banking industry had an abundance of money to lend in the 1920s, large corporations borrowed less, choosing instead to finance a sizable portion of their capital needs in the stock and bond markets. Consequently, banks sought new lending outlets, including loans to individuals speculating in the stock market. As the stock market rose, these loans produced solid returns. however when the market crashed in October 1929, many of the loans went into default.For the banking industry, the 1930s would be the most nasty period in history. In the years after the crash, thousands of banks faced sonorous times because of loan losses, depositor withdrawals, 10 inadequate reserves and, in some cases, the collapse of speculative investments made in the 1920s. Even well-capitalized, well-managed institutions were battered by the financial panics that swept across the nation. In June 1932, depositors began withdrawing money from First National Chicagos largest bank when unknown individuals circulated flyers claiming First National was insolvent.Media reports speculated that the attacks were the work of political enemies of First Nationals president, Melvin Traylor, considered a potential antiauthoritarian Party nominee for U. S. president. Traylor responded to the attacks with an impassioned speech, at psychometric testing to First Nationals soundness, ending the run. In Houston, two of the citys major banks were on th e bank of collapse in October 1931. National Bank of Commerce President Jesse Jones called a secret meeting of the citys bank leaders, urging them to puss $1. 25 million to save the failing institutions.Some of the bankers did not command to risk any of their limited capital, but Jones argued that allowing the two banks to collapse might bring down the entire banking sector in the city. A economy was finally agreed to, including the absorption of one of the failing banks by Jones National Bank of Commerce. Because of his leadership, not a one bank in Houston collapsed during the Depression. era thousands of banks across the country went out of business during the 30s, JPMorgan Chase predecessor National Bank of Detroit was formed at the very depths of the Depression. later Michigans governor declared an eight-day bank holiday in February 1933 closing all of Michigans banks so they could regroup financially Detroits two largest banks lacked the funds to reopen, leaving the ci ty virtually without banking services for the undermentioned six weeks. General Motors Corp. and the federal Reconstruction Finance Corp. , the government agency that provided destiny financing to banks, stepped into this void to establish National Bank of Detroit. Local corporations and consumers, desperate for checking services, flocked to the new institution.On the banks first day, Chrysler Corp. deposited $4 million, General Motors $1 million and General Electric Co. $500,000. The two founding institutions divested their will power in the 1940s, and National Bank of Detroit grew into the largest bank in Michigan. It merged with First Chicago Corp. in 1995 to form First Chicago NBD Corp. first-class business in a first-class way In whitethorn 1933, J. P. Morgan, Jr. , who had become the senior partner of J. P. Morgan & Co. following his fathers remainder in 1913, testified at a series of Senate committee hearings.He publicly stated the guiding principle of his firm to condu ct first-class business in a first-class way. First-Class Business In May 1933, J. P. seaman Morgan, Jr. , as well as several Morgan partners and other major bank executives, testified at hearings held by the Senate Committee on Banking and up-to-dateness investigating the causes of the 1929 stock market crash and the subsequent banking crisis. The hearings raised the hesitation of the role banks played in the speculative fever leading up to the crash. J. P. Morgan & Co. as the first private bank investigated and Jack Morgan the first Morgan witness. In his opening statement, Jack Morgan emphasized with great dignity the duties and ethics of the private banker upheld by three generations of Morgans at the firm and still a foundation of JPMorgan Chase & Co. today If I may be permitted to speak of the firm of which I have the honour to be the senior partner, I should state that at all times the idea of doing only first-class business, and that in a firstclass way, has been befor e our minds.We have never been satisfied with simply retentiveness within the law, but have constantly sought so to act that we might fully observe the professional code, and so maintain the credit and reputation which has been handed down to us from our predecessors in the firm. This building at 23 Wall Street, which opened in 1914, was the headquarters of J. P. Morgan & Co. for 75 years. It substantiate the discreet style of business that characterized the firm. The building facade never wear upon a name, only the number 23 on its entrance doors. 11Wartime volunteer activities of bank employees included retentivity blood drives, assembling care boxes, knitting clothes and raising money to buy ambulances. Chase National Bank employees folded surgical dressings. Arm bands, far left, were given to New Yorks Manufacturers Trust Co. air raid wardens. World War II ad campaigns promoted the patriotic efforts of banks as bond sellers, buyers of Treasury securities and lenders to indu stry. Glass-Steagall In the wake of the banking crisis, President Franklin D. Roosevelts administration sought legislation to reduce banking risk. Congress responded by passing the Banking Act of 1933.Popularly known as GlassSteagall, the act created federal deposit insurance, prohibited the payment of interest on checking accounts and authorized the Federal Reserve to impose a detonator on the interest banks could pay on time deposits and savings accounts. Equally important, the law erected a besiege between commercial banking (taking deposits and making loans) and investment banking (underwriting securities). Three predecessors, in particular, had to make a choice. J. P. Morgan & Co. , still the worlds most powerful bank, chose to continue as a commercial bank, spinning off its investment banking activities.Guaranty Trust Co. , which also had a major presence in commercial and investment banking, closed its securities affiliate and underwriting business. Morgan and Guaranty merg ed in 1959 to create Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, later forming a retention company that restored the famous J. P. Morgan & Co. name. For Chase National Bank, the decision was relatively easy. Its newly elective chairman, Winthrop Aldrich, had spoken out publicly in favor of driving a wedge between commercial and investment banking. Chase National complied immediately with the new law, closing or spinning off all its Chase securities affiliates.World War II The banking industry recovered from the trauma of early 1933 and began to stabilize. More than 4,000 banks had failed during the year. In 1934, there were just 61 failures over the next eight years, 53 institutions, on average, failed annually. subsequently America entered the war in 1941, U. S. commercial banks again became the leading distributors of War Bonds, which were sold in denominations as small as $10. By wars end, more than 60% of the American population had bought War Bonds, with total purchases coming to $186 billion.Hundreds of thousands of bank employees served in the armed forces during the war. As men (and some women) left their jobs to enlist, banks appointed women to positions previously held by men an initial small fracturing of the traditional male federal agency of banking. The Great Depression had highlighted the need for increased global cooperation to avoid another worldwide economic collapse. Toward the end of World War II, policymakers in the United States, Great Britain and other nations began to develop an international system aimed at promoting financial stability and encouraging global trade. 12During World War II, valley National Bank, the largest bank in Arizona, offered a unique loan of up to $300 to airmen stationed at Arizona airfields, enabling them to travel on home leaves. One hundred percent of the airmen repaid their loans. In 1973, Chase Manhattan Bank chairwoman David Rockefeller visited China and met with Chinese Prime Minister Chou En-Lai. Chase became the first U. S. correspondent to the Bank of China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. London As one of the first U. S. banks to recognize growing international trade, Chase National Bank used a bold ad campaign to promote its capabilities abroad.Chase National Banks Tokyo branch initially grueling on assisting American businesses in the development of trade with Japan. By the early 1950s, Chase opened a branch in Osaka, as well as supernumerary branches on American bases in Japan, providing banking services to U. S. military personnel. Global Banking Globalization in the postwar period began slowly. By 1965, only 12 U. S. banks had opened branches outside the United States. These included five predecessors of JPMorgan Chase The Chase Manhattan Bank, Chemical Bank, The First National Bank of Chicago, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. nd Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. Chases postwar expansion was led by David Rockefeller, who joined the bank in 1946 as assistant theater director of the Foreign Department after serving in Army recognition during World War II. He was elected vice president of Chase in 1949, president in 1961 and chief executive officer in 1969. In 1947, at the invitation of U. S. military Paris In 1960, the newly formed Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. opened a second London branch on Berkeley Square. Its Paris office on the historic Place Vendome was acquired by J. P. Morgan & Co. in 1917.It remains the firms main office in Paris today. authorities, Chase established the first U. S. postwar bank branches in Germany and Japan. These branches joined existing Chase branches in London and Paris and were followed by the opening of others around the world. In the 1970s, Chase added nearly 40 new branches, illustration offices, affiliates, subsidiaries and joint ventures outside the United States, including two historic firsts in 1973 Chase opened a representative office in Moscow, the first presence for a U. S. bank in the Soviet Union since the 1920s and Chase became the first U.S. correspondent to the Bank of China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. In addition to Chase, several other predecessors transformed themselves into global institutions. Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. became a major international player. Prior to the merger with Guaranty Trust Co. , J. P. Morgan owned a one-third interest in London merchant bank Morgan Grenfell & Co. while Guaranty had maintained a London office since early 1897. These operations were a weapons platform for global expansion. By 1965, Morgan Guaranty had five overseas branches, and by 1978, it had 16.Among Midwestern banks, The First National Bank of Chicago was perhaps the most active internationally, establishing offices in 25 countries by 1973. By 1980, some 160 U. S. banks were operating branch or representative offices outside the United States. In turn, many banks in Europe, Asia and other regions across-the-board their operations to the United States. 13 This 1955 ad announced the me rger of Chase National Bank and The Bank of The Manhattan Co. Pictured here, from left to right, are news from JPMorgan Chase & Co. predecessor holding companies Horizon Bancorp (N.J. ), American National Corp. (Ill. ), American Fletcher Corp. (Ind. ), Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and First Banc Group of Ohio, later renamed Bank One Corp. Banking Industry Consolidation In addition to the powerful trend toward globalization, a second major postwar trend was industry consolidation through mergers, learnednesss and the composition of multi-bank holding companies. In New York City, a wave of mergers created a few big banks serving many customers through extensive branch networks. All four of JPMorgan Chases major New York City heritage firms J.P. Morgan & Co. , The Chase Manhattan Bank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. and Chemical Bank grew through mergers in the 1950s. After passage of the 1956 Bank Holding Company Act, all four created holding companies that gained popularity a nd helped shape the industry for decades. The new law allowed holding companies owning just one bank to diversify into some nonbanking activities. 14 First Banc Group of Ohio, formed in 1968, was one of the most innovative and successful multi-bank holding companies in the nation, created by City National Bank & Trust Co. f capital of Ohio and Farmers Saving & Trust Co. , a smaller Ohio bank. First Banc Group acquired banks end-to-end Ohio and later extended its acquisitions to Arizona, carbon monoxide, Indiana, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin and other states. The company later changed its name to Bank One Corp. the nation to offer customers a single retail taper account that provided credit at a citywide network of stores. In 1966, shortly before founding First Banc Group of Ohio, City National Bank & Trust Co. of Columbus became one of the first banks outside calcium to introduce BankAmeri identity card, the precursor of indorse.Five years later, City National was convoluted with the first major national test of point-of-sale terminals for processing credit card transactions. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. and Chemical Bank entered the national credit card business in 1969 as founding members of the Eastern States Bankcard Association. This group tie in up with other regional bank groups to form a countrywide network that began issuing card game under the Master Charge broadcast (now MasterCard), a direct competitor of BankAmericard. In 1981, Bank One stock national attention for linking its Visa card issuance and data processing technology to several ajor brokerage firms money market funds, giving customers devil to their money market accounts through their Visa cards. Propelled in part by the popularity of this new service, Bank One became the nations largest processor of Visa card transactions. Development of Credit Cards Although the first multi-use credit card was launched by Diners Club in 1950, credit cards did not gain widespread public acceptance u ntil the late 1960s. Several JPMorgan Chase predecessors played key roles. In 1958, The Chase Manhattan Bank introduced the Chase Manhattan Charge Plan, congruous the first New York City bank and one of the first inBy 1969, the Chase Manhattan Charge Plan had become the leading bank credit card in the New York area. Through the vision and presentiment of Chairman John G. McCoy, City National Bank & Trust Co. launched several production model cashdispensing machines in 1970, using BankAmericard credit cards. Columbus, Ohio, became a test market for the new technology. ATMs and Debit Cards JPMorgan Chase predecessors were submissive in introducing automated teller machines (ATM), which revolutionized banking by allowing customers to conduct transactions from almost any ATM in the world.In 1969, Chemical Bank installed the first standard cash-dispensing machine in America, a precursor of the ATM, becoming the first bank in the country to allow customers to withdraw cash 24 hours a day. City National Bank & Trust Co. of Columbus also embraced the new technology, installing the first production-model cash-dispensing machines in 1970. Several predecessors of JPMorgan Chase also were instrumental in forming some of the early electronic banking networks to enable customers to withdraw funds from ATMs not only at their own banks but also at competitor banks.Marine National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee helped establish TYME (Take Your notes Everywhere) National Bank of Detroit was a founder of METROMONEY, the first shared electronic bank terminal program in Michigan and in 1985, Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. were among the founders of NYCE (New York Cash Exchange), the first automated teller network in the New York metropolitan area. Bank debit cards, introduced in the late 1970s, enabled customers to withdraw cash from ATMs, pay for retail purchases with a card in lieu of a check and access additional banking services.The Chase Manhattan Bank in troduced the Chase Money Card the first Visa debit card offered by a bank in New York. In 1969, Chemical Banks prototype cash-dispensing machine, developed by Docutel Corp. , was designed to be activated by magnetic-encoded Master Charge credit cards. 15 As promoted in this early mid-eighties ad, The First National Bank of Chicago offered the first bank account fully competitive with money market funds and insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Home Banking by Computer Several JPMorgan Chase predecessors played key roles in the development of home banking.In 1980, Bank One developed and time-tested one of the earliest online home banking services. Called Channel 2000, it allowed bank customers to view their bank and department store balances on a television screen, pay bills and error money between accounts. The service worked over regular telephone lines the cyberspace which is used today for home banking was not commercialized until 1987. In 1983, Chemical Ba nk introduced Pronto, the first major full-fledged online banking service. Using a home computer, modem and software, customers could pay bills, transfer funds, review account balances, track budgets and balance their checkbooks.After establishing the service in New York, Chemical began licensing it to banks around the country and later introduced a version for small businesses. In 1985, The Chase Manhattan Bank launched its electronic home banking service, called Spectrum, which not only permitted banking transactions but also allowed customers to buy and sell stocks through a discount broker affiliated with Chase. Difficult Competitive Environment The restrictions imposed on banks by Glass-Steagall began to erode in the 1970s as competition from nonbanking institutions and the growing role of echnology drove change. progressive financial products were launched by brokers, mutual fund companies, savings banks and other providers products that enabled customers to earn higher retu rns on their money and enjoy greater flexibility in managing their assets. Many of these products competed with savings accounts, checking accounts and other banking services. In this prolific environment of innovation and change, regulatory policies originally aimed at protecting banks were handicapping their ability to compete, and rate deregulation began slowly.In 1978, the Federal Reserve authorized banks to issue a new product the six-month money market certificate with a variable rate ceiling tied to six-month Treasury bills. Nearly all of JPMorgan Chases predecessor banks offered the certificates. Later that same year, banks were authorized to introduce drag out services, overcoming the long-standing prohibition against paying interest on checking accounts. This helped banks compete with brokerage firm sweep programs and thrift institutions interest-paying NOW checking accounts, which combined checking and savings in a single account.When in 1979 commercial banks got regula tory approval to offer NOW checking accounts, The Chase Manhattan Bank was among the first to introduce the new service. Spurred in part by this piecemeal and sometimes complex deregulation, Congress passed the Depository Institutions deregulating and financial Control Act of 1980, which phased out all savings rate ceilings on consumer accounts over a six-year period, completely removing the rate ceilings imposed by Glass-Steagall by 1986. Ever committed to advancing bank technology, JPMorgan Chases predecessors were innovators of early home banking technologies.Bank One tested Channel 2000 in 1980. 16 By the 1980s, debate over banking deregulation and the removal of barriers between commercial and investment banking had raged for nearly two decades. J. P. Morgan & Co. Chairman Dennis Weatherstone, pictured in the 1986 fact article, was eager for underwriting. The Chase Manhattan Bank campaigned aggressively for the repeal of Glass-Steagall. A 1988 ad noted that 77% of business executives in non-financial firms supported repeal and that bank customers had been denied the benefits of free enterprise for far too long. Erosion and Repeal of Glass-Steagall other fundamental element of GlassSteagall the wall between commercial and investment banking crumbled in response to market change, and JPMorgan Chase heritage institutions were in the center of the action. In 1987, The Chase Manhattan Corp. became the first commercial banking institution to receive Federal Reserve approval to underwrite commercial cover (unsecured short-term corporate debt). another(prenominal) New York bank previously had been permitted to sell commercial paper as an agent, but Chase was the first to underwrite and deal in paper for its own account.The Fed quickly expanded the scope of the Chase ruling by allowing three major bank holding companies, including J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, to underwrite not only commercial paper but also mortgage-backed securities, municipal tax i ncome bonds and securities backed by consumer receivables. The Federal Reserve further broadened its ruling in 1989 when it granted J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated the authority to underwrite corporate debt, marking the first corporate debt securities offering underwritten by a commercial bank affiliate in the United States since Glass-Steagall was signed into law in 1933.One year later, the Fed approved Morgans application to underwrite stocks. In the wake of this landmark ruling, Morgan quickly built a leading investment banking operation and by 1997 was the fourth-largest securities underwriter in the world. Faced with the reality that the GlassSteagall barriers were being destroy by regulators, Congress in 1999 passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which removed the remaining barriers and allowed financial companies to enrol fully across segments. Among other provisions, the new law allowed banks to acquire full-service brokerage and investment banking firms.Beginning in the 1980 s, J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated had developed its investment banking talent through internal development. Chase, by contrast, built its capability through merger, starting with the 1999 acquisition of San Francisco investment bank Hambrecht & Quist, a specialist in the technology industry. Continuing its expansion, in 2000, Chase bought The Beacon Group, a merger and acquisition advisory and private investment firm, and London-based Robert Fleming Holdings Ltd. , an asset trouble and investment banking concern. Deregulation and Industry ConsolidationThe emergence of nationwide branch banking was another tail of the changes taking place in financial services. As of 1975, banking was still primarily a local business. Only 14 states allowed statewide branching, and none permitted out-of-state banks to open branches within their borders. However, pressure for greater branching freedom was mounting, reflecting growing sentience of the consumer convenience of branches, the need fo r banks to diversify their risks beyond their local markets, and an emerging legislative consensus that deregulation would promote freer markets and greater competition. ramate deregulation occurred in the 1980s at the state rather than the federal level. In the period from 17 This graphic from a 1986 First Chicago Corp. internal newsletter place the seven Midwest states that adopted reciprocal banking legislation. This permitted across-border bank acquisitions, which predecessors First Chicago Corp. , NBD Bancorp, Inc. and Bank One Corp. aggressively pursued. 1975 through 1990, more than 25 additional states including New York, Ohio, Texas and others in which JPMorgan Chase predecessors operated authorized statewide branching.In 1984, The Chase Manhattan Bank ventured to upstate New York by acquiring Lincoln First Banks Inc. in Rochester. Following the transaction, Chase had 330 branches across the state, the largest branch network in New York. As Illinois anti-branching laws we re eased, First Chicago Corp. the holding company for The First National Bank of Chicago made a series of acquisitions to expand its business. In 1984, First Chicago acquired Chicago-based American National Corp. and three years later acquired First United pecuniary Services Inc. a five-bank holding company in suburban Chicago. The 1980s also saw the geological formation of regional banking zones, representing a major step toward national banking. Banc One Corp. (later Bank One) was especially active in acquiring banks not only in its home state of Ohio but in other states as well. Its first out-of-state acquisition was the purchase of Purdue National Corp. of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1984. By 1994, it owned 81 banks with more than 1,300 branches in 13 states, including banks in Wisconsin (The Marine Corp. , Illinois (Marine Corp. ), Colorado (Affiliated Bankshares of Colorado), Kentucky (Liberty National Bancorp), Oklahoma (Central Banking Group), West Virginia (Key Centurion Ban cshares), Arizona (Valley National Corp. ) and Utah (Capital Bancorp). More acquisitions soon followed. Banking zones expanded rapidly in geographic size as more states passed reciprocal banking laws. In 1987, Chemical New York Corp. acquired Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. , the largest interstate banking merger in U. S. history at that time, and First Chicago Corp. cquired Beneficial National Bank USA of Wilmington, Delaware, becoming the third-largest issuer of bank credit cards in the United States. The growth of banking zones culminated in 1994 with the passage of the federal Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, which made national banking the law of the land. Riegle-Neal permitted bank holding companies to buy banks throughout the United States beginning in the fall of 1995 and permitted nationwide branching that is, branch offices owned and operated by a single bank as of June 1997.Many multi-state, multi-bank holding companies soon began to streamli ne operations by merging their banks. In 1999, Bank One Corp. integrated its banks in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois into a single bank with the Bank One name. The 1990s represented a period of mergers and consolidation for the banking industry. Because of consolidation, the number of commercial banks in the United States declined to 7,549 as of mid-2005 from 12,343 at the end of 1990. However, the number of branches and automated teller machines continued to increase, providing consumers with more banking outlets than ever. 18 991 John F. McGillicuddy, left Manufacturers Hanover Corp. Walter V. Shipley, right Chemical Banking Corp. 1995 Richard L. Thomas First Chicago Corp. 1996 Thomas G. Labrecque The Chase Manhattan Corp. Walter V. Shipley Chemical Banking Corp. 1998 Verne G. Istock First Chicago NBD Corp. 2000 Douglas A. Warner ternion J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated John B. McCoy Banc One Corp. William B. Harrison, Jr. The Chase Manhattan Corp. Verne G. Istock NBD Bancor p, Inc. Key Mergers That Shaped JPMorgan Chase & Co. Many JPMorgan Chase & Co. predecessors took part in the merger hunting expedition that began in the early 1990s.Key transactions that led to the formation of JPMorgan Chase include In 1991, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with Manufacturers Hanover Corp. , memory the name Chemical Banking Corp. , then the secondlargest banking institution in the United States. In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp Inc. , forming First Chicago NBD Corp. , the largest banking company based in the Midwest. In 1996, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp. , keeping the name The Chase Manhattan Corp. and creating what then was the largest bank holding company in the United States. In 1998, Banc One Corp. merged with First Chicago NBD Corp. , taking the name Bank One Corp. Merging subsequently with Louisianas First Commerce Corp. , Bank One became the largest financial services firm in the Midwest, the fourth-large st bank in the United States and the worlds largest Visa credit card issuer. In 2000, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (Morgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm called JPMorgan Chase & Co. In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with JPMorgan Chase & Co. , keeping the name JPMorgan Chase & Co. Fortune magazine said that the combined bank will be big and strong in a panoply of businesses, adding that the deal has been widely lauded by investment analysts. The New York Times said the merger would realign the competitive landscape for banks by uniting the investment and commercial banking skills of JPMorgan Chase with the consumer banking strengths of Bank One. In 2008, JPMorgan Chase & Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash cle aring and button trading globally. 2004 James Dimon Bank One Corp. William B. Harrison, Jr. JPMorgan Chase & Co. 19 In over 45 years of collecting, JPMorgan Chase & Co. has built an international art collection with great breadth and depth. The collection includes a assorted range of artwork, with representation from every country in which we do business. Tony Cragg Palette, 1980 calico wood and found objects JPMorgan Chase & Co.Today JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a leading global financial services firm with operations in more than 50 countries and has its corporate headquarters in New York City. Under the J. P. Morgan and Chase brands, it serves millions of consumers in the United States and many of the worlds most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients. Its six major businesses are Investment Bank J. P . Morgan is one of the worlds leading investment banks, with cabalistic client relationships and broad product capabilities.The Investment Banks clients are corpor ations, financial institutions, governments and institutional investors. The firm offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets. Retail Financial Services Retail Financial Services helps meet the financial needs of consumers and businesses. Under the Chase brand, the consumer business includes credit card, small business, home finance, auto finance, home equity loans, education finance and insurance. Card Services Chase Card Services is one of the largest credit card issuers in the United States.The firm offers a wide variety of general purpose cards to satisfy the needs of individual consumers, small businesses and partner organizations. technical Banking Commercial Banking serves a variety of clients, including corporations, municipalities, financial institutions and notfor-profit entities. The firms broad platform positions Commercial Banking to deliver extensive product capabilities including lending, treasury services, investment banking and asset management to meet its clients needs.Treasury & Securities Services Treasury & Securities Services is a global leader in providing transaction, investment and information services to support the needs of institutional clients worldwide. Treasury & Securities Services is one of the largest cash management providers in the world and a leading global custodian. Asset precaution Asset Management is a global leader in investment and wealth management. Asset Management clients include institutions, retail investors and high-networth individuals in every major market throughout the world. 20 2. 5. . 4. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 8. 7. 6. 9. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. FRONT COVER top COVER The JPMorgan Chase Archives Begun in 1975 by Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David Rockefeller, the JPMorgan Chase Archives is one of the oldest corporate history programs in the United States. Recognized as an important corporate asset and an priceless resource for financial history, the Archives ha s continually advanced the firms rich legacy by collecting and preserving historical materials of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its more than 1,000 predecessor institutions worldwide.With over 7,000 feet of records, this extensive collection traces the remarkable origins, developments and achievements of the firm from 1799 to the present and documents key events and business decisions, offering valuable insight into the firms mission and vision. 1. South Texas National Bank, Texas Bank clerks, ca. 1900s 2. First National Bank, Youngstown, Ohio approach pattern detail of building facade, 1924 3. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , New York, New York $100 note, ca. 1830s 4. The National Bank of Commerce, New York, New York $5 note, 1885 5. J. P. Morgan & Co. , New York, New York J. Pierpont and J.P. Jack Morgan, 1912 6. Lincoln-Alliance Bank, Rochester, New York Bronze table leg, early 1900s 7. Rapides Bank of Alexandria, Louisiana Hammond manual(a) typewriter, ca. 1880s 8. The First Nationa l Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Bronze teller cage, 1931-1932 9. J. P. Morgan & Co. , New York, New York J. Pierpont Morgans M document clip, ca. 1900s 10. Chase National Bank, New York, New York Check processing department, ca. 1940s 11. J. P. Morgan & Co. , Paris, France 14 Place Vendome ceiling by Eugene Lacost, 1860 12. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , New York, New York Vault lock, ca. 840s 13. The Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, New York Vault, 25 Broadway branch, 1921 14. The First National Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Exterior building clock, 1906 15. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. , New York, New York Gold scale, early 20th century 16. Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Co. , Milwaukee, Wisconsin $3 note, ca. 1851-1858 17. The El Paso Bank of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado $10 note, 1900 18. Chase National Bank, New York, New York Portrait bust of Salmon P. Chase, ca. 1870s Thomas Dow Jones, sculptor 2008 JPMorgan Chase & Co. All rights reserved.

Economies Of The Middle East. Essay

accord to the CIA orb F portrayal Book Bahrain is set(p) in the Middle easterly on the eastern side of Saudi-Arabian Arabia. Bahrains climate is arid though characterized by hot and wet summers composition the winters ar pleasant. (CIA,2008). According to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Bahrain is an archipelago which is comprised of 33 islands and is sandwiched amidst the east coast of Saudi Arabia and the Qatar peninsula. Bahrain has an advantage in as farthest as tourism is concerned given her richness in geographic features like the sandy beaches as sanitary as the coral reefs.It as well has various museums, archeological sites and traditional markets which are all a summation to her competitiveness. Bahrain is to a fault well known for her liberalistic tendencies in the Middle East region. (Council for International Exchange of Scholars). Being an Arab country, Islam is the ab step forward practiced religion although early(a)(a) religions which form less than 25% of the total commonwealth are allowed to give in place. They include Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism as well as Judaism. In such a set up, where 85% of the total population is Muslim it is only internal that Arabic is the official language.However, English is used in the learning institutions as well as when conducting business. This paper will give an in erudition analysis of Bahrain. The US department of re universe, Bureau of Near Eastern personal business pointed out that in 2007 the population of Bahrain was 708,535 out of which a tune of 32% comprised of non nationals. Statistics of the same course of study also indicated that annual population growth grade was at 1. 39%. In accessing the composition of the Bahrain population by pagan background it was established that Bahrainis recorded the largest proportion at 63%, Asians were beside with 19% while the Arabs and Iranians were 10% and 8% respectively.The US department of State estimated that Isl am is the religion observed by rough 98% of the total population. It also estimated that other languages used in addition to English and Arabic include Farsi and Urdu. A unique characteristic of the education system in Bahrain is the incident that although it is not compulsory, it is offered for free at all levels. Estimates taken in the closure 1991 to 2001 indicated that there was a amply prescribe of school attendance at 84%. In the year 2003 it was established that the overall adult literacy levels for those season-worn 15 years and above stood at 89.1% while the rate differed across the genders. (Bureau of macrocosm Affairs, 2007). Males had a higher rate at 91. 9% while females registered a lower rate at 85%. Bahrain cash in hand her citizens educational needs from incomes attained from her generous investment in oil reserves. The importance of the year 1920 in as far as the education of Bahrain cannot be underscored as it was at this time that the first overt schoo l which served both sexes was introduced. There are 2 universities or high learning institutions where people are able to improve their credibility levels in the job market.To cater for the health needs of her population there is a health science college which offers specified skills in the various medical handle like nursing, pharmacy. According to the 2007 statistics the infant mortality rate was at 16. 18 deaths/ gigabyte make up births while the life expectancy for males was 5 years lower than that of the females which was 77 years. Statistics from 2006 estimated that approximately 352,000 people formed the Bahrain labor or work force out of which a tune of 44% was foreigners.The US department of State also estimates that Bahrain is among the highly dense populated states and most of her population settled in the capital city Manama. A wide percentage of Bahrains workforce is comprised of foreigners due to the foreigner friendly policies by the government. Although the natur alization process evokes contrasting views among the Bahrainis it has seen approximately 10% of the total populations attain Bahraini nationality.Critics argue that the procedures or rather criteria apply could jeopardize the countrys protection especially when foreigners previously on the job(p) with sensitive departments like security are naturalized. There are 2 types of Muslims in the Bahrain state. About 2/3 of the people from the indigenous convocation are shia Muslims while prominent people in the union like the ruling family, numerous members of the government and the military as well as leaders in the state form the Sunni Muslim. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007).According to the CIA world fact book, the birth rate using 2008 estimates was 17. 26/ grounds population while the death rate at the same year was at 4. 29deaths/1000 population. The rate of net migration was estimated to be 0. 4 migrants/1000 population. CIA also estimated that the sex ratios for the total pop ulation stood at 1. 25 males/females in 2008. 2008 estimates also had it that the total infant mortality rate was at 15. 64 deaths/1000 live births while that of females was at 12. 93 deaths/1000 live births.In 2006, the school life expectancy of both primary levels to third education was 15 years though it varied across the genders with males preserve a lower expectancy at 14 years while females lagged behind at 16 years. 2001 statistics indicated that approximately 86. 5% of the total population could read and write with males recording a higher rate at 88. 6% and females at 83. 6%. In 1991 the government spent approximately 3. 9% of the GDP to finance the education sector. (CIA,2008). The government in Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy with 5 administrative divisions namely Asamah, Janilyah, Muharraq, shamliyah and wasat.She attained her independence on the 15th of August 1971from the UK. In 2002, on the 14th of February she adopted a constitution that was to be followed. The laws consist of the English law but commix with the Islam laws. The universal suffrage is at 20 years meaning every one above that age has the right to vote. There are third ramifyes of government, the executive, legislative as well as the judiciary. The executive is comprised of the King Hamad hive away Isa al- Khalifa who took over in March 1999. the king is the chief of the Bahrain state.The Prime take care Khalifa bin Salman al Khalifa is the head of government and he has held this position since 1971. The monarchy has the province of appointing the cabinet and the prime minister too but the monarchy is hereditary. (CIA,2008). King Hamad Isa al- Khalifa succeeded his bugger off who died in 1999 after being in power for approximately 38 years. King Hamad can be commended for various reforms in Bahrain especially his savor to introduce democracy by changing the current system that was rigorously a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy. (CIA,2008).His efforts pre cipitated to a referendum in 2001 for the internal Action Charter which approximately 94. 8% of the Bahrain voters endorsed. Another monumental act by King Hamad was setting free of most political detainees and captive most of whom had been exiled, detained or imprisoned from as early as in the 1970s for posing security threats to Bahrain. Kind Hamad did away with the state security law and court which made it possible to detain people for up to 3 years without trial. The constitutional reforms Hamad introduced saw to it that a bicameral fantan which had a representative from the lower house was operational.Another aspect diametric from what was initially the trend was the creation of an independent body which was to act as watchdog over corruption allegations such as the embezzlement of public funds. This was a way of increasing accountability and transparency in the region. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007). Hamads efforts were so far not without challenges as for instance the re were protests against the render he enacted on the constitution from members of the Shia community. The 2002 election made a mark in the political history of Bahrain as it was at this time when the first woman was elected in parliament.The legislature branch comprises of the 40 member consultative council and the 40 member chamber of deputies. The election of the devil councils is different in the sense that the former is elected by the word form while the latter is determined through a direct election. Elections are held after 4 years with the last one in 2006. The discriminatory system of Bahrain is comprised of a combination of courts adhering to the English laws as well as the Islamic laws or religious and tribal laws. Hamad also made significant reforms in the judiciary when he set a separate branch to over see it.The kings son or baksheesh prince is the head of the commander in chief of the states self-renunciation force and the kings successor. (Bureau of Public Affa irs, 2007). Democracy in Bahrain, however is limited to the fact that political parties are discouraged and this had been the case for more decades but with the rise of Hamad to power political societies were allowed to operate (CIA) According to the CIA world fact book Bahrain attracts foreign direct investment a doer that has made various multinational companies settle there and carry out business. This is to the countrys advantage economically.Similar to other gulf countries the habit of petroleum in stirring economic growth and development cannot be underscored. It is estimated that petroleum products attribute to over 60% of her total exports which convey to a tune of 70% of the total government revenues. The petroleum industries directly contribute to approximately 11% of the countrys GDP. Bahrain is also rich in aluminum which is the second largest export. (CIA, 2008). The US department of state noted that other natural resources in Bahrain included textiles, natural gas, fish and pearls. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007).

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 23

That night, though, the embrace did end, and I fell into a black, dreamless sleep. besides my mind and body jerked into sudden wakefulness when I comprehend a sharp clanging sound that fronted to reverberate through my limbs.MurderersKillersDemonsThe nomenclature floated through the open window, chant- corresponding. I crept to the window and creaked open the shutter. Outside, across the pond, on that point were flashes of fire, and I even heard the sound of rifles firing. Dark bodies moved en masse, like a swarm of locusts descending upon a cotton field.Vampires KillersI began to make out more than and more words from the angry vociferate of the crowd. There had to be at least fifty men in attendance. Fifty drunken, angry, murderous men. I grabbed Katherines shoulder and began shaking her hard.Wake up I whispered urgently.She sat up with a start. The whites of her eyes looked huge, and there were shadows beneath her eye sockets. What is it? Is everything okay? Her fingers fl uttered to her necklace.No, its not okay, I whispered. The brigade is out. Theyre meddling for vampires. Theyre on the main road right like a shot. I pointed out the window.The cheering and shouts were getting closer. The fire blazed in the night, flames reaching toward the night sky like red daggers. Fear shot through me. This wasnt supposed to be adventurenot yet.Katherine slipped out of bed, tucking the white quilt around her body, and closed the shutters with a bang. Y father, she state, her parting hard.ourI shook my head. It couldnt be. The siege is set for future(a) week, and Father is not the type to deviate from an established plan. Stefan Katherine said sharply. Y ou promised you would do something. Y pass water to ou full point this. These men dont deal what theyre fighting, and they dont k at a time how dangerous this is. If they keep doing this, people will get hurt.Dangerous? I asked, rubbing my temple. I suddenly had a pounding headache. The shouting grew quie ter now it seemed the mob was pressing forwardor perhaps dispersing. I wondered if this was more a protest spurred by liquid courage than an actual siege. non from me, but from whoever has launched these attacks. Katherines eyes met mine. If the townspeople know whats safe for them, whats best for them, theyd relegate the hunt. Theyd allow us to resolve things. Theyd allow us to find the get-go of the attacks.I sat on the edge of the bed and rested my elbows against my knees, staring down at the worn wooden floorboards in dismay, as if I could find some sort of answer, some sort of way to stop what already seemed to be happening.Katherine took my face in her hands. I am wholly at your mercy. I need you to protect me. Please, Stefan.I know, Katherine I said half-hysterically. But what if its too late? They have the brigade, they have their suspicions, they even have an invention designed to find vampires.What? Katherine reared back. An invention? Y didnt tell me that, she said, h er voice takingou on a note of accusation.A hard thud settled in my chest as I explained Jonathans device. How had I failed to observe it to Katherine? Would she ever forgive me?Jonathan Gilbert. Katherines face twisted in contempt. So that photograph thinks he can just hunt us down? standardized animals?I recoiled. Id never heard Katherine use that harsh tone.Im sorry, Katherine said in a more composed voice, as if shed sensed the flicker of headache in my heart. Im sorry. Its just you simply cant imagine what its like to be hunted.The voices seem to be quieting. I peeked through the shutters. The mob was indeed beginning to disperse, the flames comme il faut shaky dots in the inky black night. The danger was seemingly gone.For now at least. But by next week, theyd have Jonathans invention. Theyd have a list of vampires. And theyd find every single last one of them.thank goodness. Katherine sank down onto the bed, pale as Id ever seen her. A lone pull up fell from her eye an d trickled down her alabaster skin. I reached to wipe it out-of-door with my index finger, then gently touched my tongue to my skin, an echo of what Id do at the Founders Ball. I sucked my finger, finding that her tears tasted salty. Human.I pulled her to me, wrapping her in a tight embrace. Im not sure how long we sat there, together. But as the faint light of the morning came through the windows, I stood up.I will stop it, Katherine. I will protect you to the death. I anathemise it.

Relationships at all levels involve complex powerplay

Present this task in the form of a discourse between two personalities. Base your response on your prescribed textual matter and at least three other related texts of your take in choosing. de still music to Oprah become fors. Oprah Winfrey walks on arcdegree, waving to the audience.Oprah My my my, how are you today ladies and gentle hands? healthy dont I bewilder a special show for you today An uninterrupted special of Oprah, thats sound no advertise workforcets, no newsbreaks, we befool a delightful guest and Im al unrivaled so, so transportd that she could join us Now as you contend, Im an unsolved minded person and I bonnie love talking to pack, sorry, suffer that personalities, from each(prenominal) walks of life. This lovely girl has an amazing personality, and faced with a crisis, she remained dignified. Ladies and gentlemen, please have medic cl everywhere trots onstage to a hearty expatiate of applause.Oprah trefoil, how are you girlfriend? trefoil Im gr eat Oprah dear glad to be away from sensual Farm. Whoops I still c completely it that after alone these years Manor Farm it is now.Oprah Well just to update our audience, Clover has been one busy babe. After leaving Manor Farm, Clover has pass watered her doctorate in psychology You go girlInterrupted by fill in of applause from audienceAnd today shes hear to talk to us intimately reasonplay.Clover Thats proper Oprah. Back at Animal Farm, I count on I was a little slow to learn notwithstanding they unde endimated me. Since I found who I real am, its just so refreshing And roll in the hayvass psychology, I became genuinely interested in might and how slew gain violence.Oprah So do you prevail a hero, or heroine? Someone who you get a line at, as the epitome of supply?Clover Well not so unt some(prenominal)(a) while(a) a hero. simply I ideate Shakespeare was amazing, the way he portrayed power play. I mean, look at Othello. Iago is basically a slimy worm, but he gains so much power because hes so intelligent and confident in himself. He plays Othello and as Othello weakens, his strength just grows. Its fascinating. And Julius Caesar.Oprah Tell us to a greater extent virtually Caesar.Clover Well Julius Caesar happens to be a personal favourite of mine actually. Caesar himself was a powerful man. Hed proved himself in battle, sucked up to the leaders of the time, nonetheless helped Pompey at one stage to gain power. By getting his foot in the political portal early, he was paving his way into power. And oh, was he arrogant except it was gravitas bred of power. The man spoke of himself in third person Caesar commands thy to speak So forceful He instantly commands power and elevates himself to others by talk of himself in third person.Oprah So you ilk a dominant man?Clover Oh much more than that. I mean, dismantle the very beginning(a) act, I laugh both time Marullus is like the majority of the Roman upper class, he sees the mob as a pack of sheep. The bastard redden refers to them as you blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things His metaphor, alluding to dumb stones is funny in itself. He figures the work party is brainless and nothing more than rocks and stones But when you think about it, the self-colored metropolis is built on stones and blocks- the important buildings, the roads and streets. The convocation, the mob, is the foundation of the city on which those in power must sit. So the meeting really does posses a lot of power They just arent aware of how to use it.Oprah Hmmm, so youre vocalizeing the mob could provoke or break a computerized tomography in power?Clover Well yes. When Murellus and Flavious encounter a equate of tradesmen in the first scene, the tradesman mocks them and hence gains power through their discomfort. Theres Murellus and Flavious, speaking at the workmen what trade art thou? Answer me directly and craft them knave, so the deep-dish pie tells him hes a m ender of bad soles. becalm laughter in the audience.But Cassius is more than just a commoner, he has ambition, therefore the powerplay that Cassius and Caesar engage in yields much bitterness from Cassius. I mean, Caesar at the beginning is absolute ruler He doth maturate the narrow humanity Like a Colossus, and we petty men Walk chthonian his titanic legs. Dramatic, emphatic language is utilize redden by Cassius heredoth bestride and Colossus, emphasising his power and strength in the society. Whereas Caesar strides, the rest of the petty men only walk. However Cassius seat identify that Caesar is powerful only because the rest of Rome has allowed themselves to be underlings. Like the Chinese commie Party, Cassius believes those who adjudge proven themselves within the political class should be in power.Oprah So the cobbler gets power over the senators by, swell up ripping them off? Wow, there you acquit it ladies and gentlemen, those smart remarks youve been saying in y our head, let em ripClover Well, you have to remember that these commoners were pretty darn kno bring forwardg. They gained power by punning their devises. But and then, Murellus pul lead some back soon after. He throws rhetorical questions at the patrician knaves. Its pretty well done on Murellus part, he fires seven questions at them like wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home? out front anyone else can get a single word inOprah So he has power cause hes the one speaking? Well, lord I must have a hell of a lot of powerClover Pretty much. Hes asserting himself again. A lot of stuff can be give tongue to through the spoken word. Theres this commentator in Australia, Alan Jones. Hes a very powerful man d throw there. I saw a documentary about him. Through his speeches and comments, he gains so much power. His moderate is radio, and there are definitely people who call into the show to phonation their thought processs, but for a large part of the time, Alan Jones spe aks uninterrupted. He himself is a indue orator- he was the speech writer for an Australian Prime Minister evenOprah So what about at Manor Farm? Or Animal Farm? Who won in the talking steaks there?Groan from audience.Clover Well actually, thats a very interesting question. The pig who dreamed up the Rebellion, old Major, he drew an audience and we all used to listen- his word was law instantly. It was his quiet way, the regal way he sat ensconced on his bed of hay. But later, forty winks of course was the public speaker. And he enforced it- with his damn dogs. They had us all shake up half to last His was a physical powerplay, intimidation. And because he used the crowd so to speak, he knew that we would all follow him, he wasnt questioned. But informer, well he operated differently. He was a suck up, thats for accepted. But we believed him, listened to him, he could turn black into whitened. Squealer was like an advertisement, a living, breathing propaganda machine. Propaga nda in itself is powerplay though. The Times cartridge holder ran an article about the Chinese communist Party, demonstrating how it uses a great mete out of propaganda.Back to Squealer though, he managed to make everything sound very convincing, he exploited our naivety. One specially vivid, emotional moment for me was when Boxer was injured. Squealer appeared to be full of sympathy and concern and he state all these nice things. He told us that Boxers last wish was to see the get throughd generator finished. That his last words were Forward comrades. He used every chance he could to turn the situation around through his clever words to be in favour of Comrade short sleep. He used us. We werent the most meliorate animals, I mean, I admit it. Like Stalin led the uneducated , we never doubted the system because we couldnt fathom any other way.Oprah Sounds like a nasty piece of work, doesnt he ladies and gentlemen? Kind of like those men who whisper sweet nothings and then drop you like a luscious potatoClover Someone who did use the spoken word well though was Mark Antony. And he knew how to run the crowd as well. different the senators, he didnt abuse his power over the crowd, well not in an insulting manner anyway. Antony respected the crowd and the power they held, but in his feature way, he still played them. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears He gets their care and draws them all together. By getting the crowd on his side, he has power behind him. And oh, he does play Brutus too Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an moral man.Oprah Well doesnt that just drip with sarcasmClover It sure does Oprah. And Antony dishonours Brutus, ridding him of his power because he has dishonoured him in the eyes of the crowd- where the real power lies. I mean, politicians need the crowd, they are only in power when they have the power of the people supporting them. Alan Jones, he had the admiration and trueheartedty of his students and his team and it was a hypnotic power of a charismatic man. As much as I hate to admit it, snooze had us under his command, through intimidation. And trickery too I might add. The Chinese commie Party has an uncanny likeness to sleep and his way of running things. They play the crowd through intimidation and their hold over the Army, well lets say guns make sure that hold remains firm.Sorry Oprah, Ive digressed again Antony has something the crowd wants. Well he doesnt really, but he knows the crowd depart be pleased with gifts and such- through Caesars ordain. He leads the crowd to think what he wants them to think by teasing them, with the promise of reading the will. Its a subtle evolution and goes to show how much power comes with knowledge He ensures that the plebeians remain loyal to Caesar they were traitors.. the crowd cries. And then The will The testament and so Antony tells them what they want to hear.And he did a good job of it too. Alan Jones, in his early days as a teacher gained his power through his crowd, but unlike Antony, Jones was open to choose his crowd to some degree. He valued more super those who were prepared to follow an established game plan. This in itself is very demanding and forceful. He gains power through establishing a clear set of rules- his own rules. Jones went through a tough time, he was in trouble because it was maintain he accepted endorsements. However, he remained as powerful as ever. It was said in the documentary that if Jones didnt lose his audience, he didnt lose his power. This acknowledges to an even greater extent just how important the crowd is in cock-a-hoop power. The powerful know how to work the crowd in their play for power.And factly in Julius Caesar, we can see that power often corrupts. Powerplays are about power transferring from one party to another. When this balance of power inevitably becomes unequal, rot and evilness often creep into the equation. Even Antony, after gaining the crowds support with Caesars will, manipulated them to his own advantage, name Lepidus an ass and liken him to a horse. Although I myself believe that this is a great compliment Actually, in Rome at this time it seems that likening one to an animal inflicted a great deal of insult. In Brutus and Antonys central animal imagery shows just how fundamental power plays are- within spirit and within human constitution you showed your teeth like apes and fawned like hounds. Yes even those who posses great power can stoop to childish name callingOprah They seem to be very strong, very forceful.Clover Jones in particular was. He didnt accept fence sitters They were either on his side, or against him. By defining those clear boundaries, Jones is commanding power from those who are with him, because they support his opinion and their loyalty lies with him, and from those against him, because they are still playing by his rules, he forces them to make a decision and lets them know that hes not afraid of i t. However, in Julius Caesar, Cassius isnt so forceful with Brutus. He is quite gentle, very subtle and strokes Brutus ego to win him over. no man here But honours you says Cassius to Brutus. Cassius does actually differentiate that the power in politics lies with the people, as does Cinna O Cassius, if you could But win the noble Brutus to our party. He knows that Brutus repute precedes him and basically, wants a piece of it. If Brutus is on his side, then Cassius is going to look a whole lot more reputable. Brutus honour will garner the crowd.Oprah well it sounds to me like the people in power get all the perks But if theres so much power in the crowd, then how come its the leaders that get all the idealization?Clover Cause theyve won the war. Won the powerplay, the struggle. In reality, the power of the crowd disseminates to support the ruling class, ruling party. The most powerful. Like I said before, the Chinese Communist Party are alike Napoleon and his pigs. Napoleon stoppe d the Sunday meetings, he wouldnt let us in on anything, wouldnt let us have a say anymore. The Chinese Communist Party are insiders, picked, then rotated through a series of jobs to test their loyalty. They use secrecy as a weapon, part of an old fashioned weapon of rule.If no one knows anything, then they have the advantage of the element of surprise, if it is others essay to discover their secrets, then the power is shifted to the Communist Party- power lies with knowledge. At the originate, Moses was asleep in the barn when Major first told us of the Rebellion. He didnt approve because he didnt have in. Like the church service when communism was introduced- they missed the boat and hence the communists had the power.Oprah So what if two big names clash? Like the Sunday night movie and youre trying to figure out whether to watch Mel Gibson or Tom Cruise? What happens then?Clover Well personally I prefer Mr EdOprah Hey, some(prenominal) floats your boat hunClover But the answ er to your question is simply, one of them has to go. Just like Stalin ousted Trotskey, Napoleon got rid of Snowball when he became too much. Napoleon was smart, he knew the windmill would be a great idea. He knew that this would make us look at Snowball more favourably, and Napoleon couldnt commit to lose the support of the crowd We all came to look at Snowballs drawings at least once. Only Napoleon held aloof. It even came to the bit where half of us where in full support of Snowball- we wanted him in power. Vote for Snowball and the three day week. So he got rid of him- powerplay using force. Snowball was a better orator than Napoleon in a moment Snowballs eloquence carried us away.And it was then Napoleon knew he was in trouble, so out came the dogs. It was terrifying we were terrified and scared. Napoleons answer to any threat to his power was simple- force. Like the Communist Party. The snip article left no question as to the forceful nature of the group Whatever the leader ship lineup that parades before the cameras this week, the message will be the same leave the driving to us.Oprah Do all people who gain power tend to have this group wit? You know, strength in numbers?Clover Well Caesar didnt need anyone but himself But neither does all(prenominal)an Jones really. I mean, they all use other people to gain power. But it has been said of Jones that he was able to polarise people, that he was very much a solo performer.Oprah All this talk about all these men What about our sistas hun, there has to be some powerful girlfriends in this mens clubClover Brutus wife Portia, shes a woman and a half. Now, I dont know about you Oprah, but Id do nearly anything to get the truth outta my hubby. Id willingly kick him in the leg, you know, throw a feed bin at him, that kind of thing. She doesnt think much of her sex I grant I am a womanOprah Wow those hunnies really needed individual like me around, right ladies?Cheer from the audienceClover But instead, she gave herself a voluntary appall.Oprah Hell, now wouldnt that make the hubby shake in his bootsClover Yes, it did But it worked, Portia gained power in Brutus entrusting her with his mens secrets by this act of, well I like to call it insanity but some would say determination.Oprah Well if thats that kind of guy Brutus is, I dont think Id want to know his secretsClover Brutus is a very complex man. His was of having power is by being untalkativehe holds his passion at bay and tries to rely on reputation and form and nobility rather than feelings. He is vexedwith passions. Although Brutus tries to regain some power in his exchange with Cassius Would not Be any pass on moved by detaching himself from his emotions, Cassius appeals to Brutus sense of personal worth Men at some time are masters of their fates The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars But in ourselves, that we are underlings. However, the guy is only human, and Cassius knows that he can seduce Brutus into complying, h e can flatter his way into gaining power over Brutus Who is so firm that cannot be seducd.Oprah Its fair to say Clover hun, that youve had some well, quite negative encounters with leaders and power in your lifetime. What are your views on it all now?Clover Its human nature Oprah. And animal nature too I guess. I mean, out in the wild its survival of the fittest, but in this day and age its survival of the fittest, smartest, best talker, the one who can get into the head of the crowd. We need leaders. Hell, even a arise of animals need a leader I mean, under Jones, we were miserable. He was someone in a position of power who exploited us. We werent as educated as he, hence less powerful and his routine made the farm like a well oiled machine- at our expense. On our own, it would have been fine, except Napoleon became corrupted also, by power again exploiting us. The Chinese Communist Party, they are a self perpetuating group who breed their own leaders- sacrifices made by the party for the party.Alan Jones tended to apply favouritism to his students, selecting the strong and expert and dedicated. There are flaws in all these powerful people, even Caesars presumption and Antony, his manipulation of the crowd. But powerplays are exchanges I guess, and power is gained by developing of the oppositions weaknesses. By reducing the power of one, your own is strengthened. Thats just the way it is I guess. Old Major, he wanted a perfect place, his own variance of Sugarcandy Mountain I guess. Above all, no animal must ever dictate over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers.All that said, Ill repeat- its human nature. At the conclusion of Julius Caesar, we can know as an audience that this scenario will repeat itself. More people will suffer, sacrifice, die for power, it is the nature of humanity.Oprah Well Clover, thats about all we have time for. Its just been an amazing story youve had to tell, youve certainly opened my eyes. Id lik e to give thanks you for coming on the show todayClover Its my pleasure Oprah. Thankyou for having meOprah Youre welcome, youre welcome darling, now ladies and gentlemen lets thank CloverRound of applause from audience symphony plays and credits roll.