Philip-Morris-Marlboro Essay Example for Free

Philip-Morris-Marlboro EssayThe largest cig bette manufacturer in the United States is Philip Morris only when there are also four major players in the industry. In 1998, due to a decrement in number of sales and customer feedback, Philip Morris resulted to have a go at it prices among the four players and level the competition. It is evident that the separate manufacturers are getting the edge of beingness cheap because more people buy their product. Philip Morris is a notch high because of its quality and sensation hence smokers would prefer to smoke more and pay for slight. Philip Morris consciously cut prices to turn away consumers to switch to cheaper cigarettes. When this was done, the shipments towards retail sellers dropped twice as fast bastardlying the move of Philip Morris to cut prices was effective.The Philip Morris was yet to be successful since the other players such as Marlboro and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Corp, which is the second-biggest cigarett e producer, panicked and had implemented the same changes to their prices alone this time they allow also intensified advertisements to attract more customers. With this economic trend, it shows that cigarette smokes are unfeignedly particular when it terms of prices. Quality is the second thing that they look upon since they want to smoke more for less compensation. Since it was a good run for Philip Morris, there have been increased promotions that helped diminish the discrepancy among other competitors that have cheaper prices. The lower prices helped Philip Morris increase its share of cigarette sales.It would be wise for Philip Morris to be polymorphous and adaptive intimately the prices. To have cut prices would entail that they are elastic in nature and his highly sensitive to other cigarette manufactures. When it comes to wellness, the move of organization to intensify their opposition against smoking could really be a fixings so to have cut prices means that they are w ant to keep their consumers regardless of the posing health risks. Back to the economic terms, to have cut prices is to maintain the competition among the other players in the cigarette industry. A simple trade of small sales with high prices or large sales with low prices, each way is good as farsighted as the net income is still enough to break-even or be profitable.With the reputation and the prestige that Philip Morris already established. Changes in prices among rival players would only be minor and can be handled easily. To take into consideration, the people in the retailing department are the ones who really set the prices for their product. Since retailers buy them in wholesale, the tendency is that they get the product cheap and sell it high. Well, that is basic but the fact is they remain unmoved in terms of competition hence they are unaware of the rising conflict in the great economy. If the market were in perfect monopoly then buying low and selling high would be very(prenominal) effective. To have cut prices is to level the competition for other players. It is not done unreasonably. Price hikes and cut prices account on the economic trend being foreseen or predicted according to the sales and income a company gets. given over a chance, to decide if Philip Morris should have a cut price, I would agree because there are many a(prenominal) new players in the cigarette industry that are cheap and quality too and besides being the number one producer does not necessarily mean that one is the number one seller. muckle have different preferences when it comes to smoking cigarette hence the posing threats to their health are neglected. To make the long story short, Philip Morris should only watch the trends before jumping into having cut prices. Discounts and price cuts does not necessarily mean greater sales. It comes along with timing and situation. Putting it into economics, the demand for the product is same at all levels, the picture is a lso the same, then the determining factor to a successful sales is that to have prices that will snaffle the attention of the consumers and would complicate the assets of the rival players. Pricing ones product is a key to be successful in the industry.List of ReferencesConvience Store news. (2003). Philip Morris Revamps Rebate Program. on-line available from http//www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4477294-1.html February 8, 2008Irish Examiner (2004.). Philip Morris to cut cigarette prices to keep customers on-line available from http//archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2004/01/01/story447418409.asp February 8, 2008Gleen Collins. (2003. Philip Morris Sharply Cuts Prices on-line available from http//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506E7DF1E39F935A25757C0A960958260 February 8, 2008

Treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles EssayAs solders on the battlefields celebrated, families reunited, and the unlucky ones mourned, the warfare was finally over, as of 11 o clock on the morning of November 11th in 1918 (Vaughan, 1-2). The solders that survived came home, and the unlucky ones did non besides about families united, and other families mourned for their loved ones. Everybody started celebrating the end of the first major war, where so many young lives were bewildered so many citizenry were permanently scarred for life or suffered horrible war-injuries (Vaughan, 1-2). The Treaty of Versailles was the conformity organise at the end of World War I, which many historians say caused the next major war, WWII. The reason for this, they say, is because of in any case many harsh laws include in the conformity, which put the full turn on of Germany. Germany was blamed, because they lost the war, and so both other country used them as easy scapegoat, for all of the damage and loss of lives that had just happened. Of dustup as the scapegoat, Germany was forced and had to pay huge amounts of reparation fees and had to give up most of their land for no real apparent reason (Vaughan, 1-2). All of these heavy burdens and mistakes were just being thrown on the Germans and their dry land for no other reason than the item that they had lost the war. Germany did non even start the war, at a matter of fact (abid).Two month later on, after WWI, broadenership gathered in Paris to gather in a treaty, the treaty of Versailles. This treaty like all treaties in history, was to help maintain wild pansy and to hold war. exactly in this case, it is not the same. The treaty very encouraged war, than to prevent it (nv.cc.va.us).In a castle near Paris, France called Versailles, the new treaty was created. Named after the place it was written it, the treaty of Versailles was supposed to go a goal, which was of course to maintain the peace for as long as possible, like all treaties ever do. But which of course, less(prenominal) than twenty historic period went by, until the whole world experienced the biggest and deadliest war that they had ever seen, WWII (Mayer, 3365). This deadly war, WWII, moved(p) at least every country in the world in one way or another(prenominal) andthe death number was in the millions. So therefore and obliviously the treaty did not do a very entire (Vaughan, 1-2).The leaders who met to sign the treaty were known to the world as the gigantic tetrad, fundamentally because the fate of Germany was put into their hands, and later the fate of WWII. This Big Four included these universal leaders Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), the prexy of the united States at the meter, David Lloyd George (1863-1945), who was the prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), who was the premier of France), and finally, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1952), the premier of France. Another induce, which was not with or in the Big Four was Ulrich Von Brockdoff-Rantzau (1869-1928), and he was the leader of delegation foreign minister who was given the treaty on behalf of Germany. He was the person who had to accept the terms or Germany would be completely annihilated (learn.co.uk). galore(postnominal) historians ask if the four leaders or idealists were, in definite seeking a just and permanent peace, or were they more concerned with vengeance and assurances of national security (Vaughan, 1-2)? The historians that said this quote thought that the leaders only were concerned with vengeances, and not assurances of national security, which they plausibly were. galore(postnominal) people say that the leaders were not trying to vindicate Germany for the cause of war, because everyone already knew that Germany in fact did not cause it, further actually were trying to help themselves to free German land and their notes. Nobody really knows what were going in the minds of the Big Four, except for them , but everyone does know that whatever it was, it caused a great deal of tensions and, between Germany and the rest of Europe. (abid)A great example of a person trying to demoralise free land at the time the treaty was being made was Georges Clemenceau, the premier of France. He wanted to detach the Rhineland, and wanted to post that in the treaty, but the president of the United States at that time, Woodrow Wilson, knew what he was up to. He knew that the premier has been looking for a way to annex Saar Basin from Germany from in which rich resource would be taken from (bbc.co.uk).The one and probably the only one positive result from WWI, was the beginning of the League of Nations, formed and organized by Woodrow Wilson, of the United States. Woodrow formed this organization which supported a way for nations and leaders throughout the world, to come together and call down instead of fight. It was a way to prevent war, basically. Woodrow Wilson invited all countries to join the league instead of use arms. alas many did not join and the idea thus became weak, just like the organization (learn.co.uk).In fact the person who created it, Woodrow Wilson withdrew from his own organization. This was after few of the other leaders wanted the organization to be confine and not welcome Germany or other weak countries. These leaders desire Woodrows idea, except they wanted it to be an exclusive organization, and did not earn the same idea as Woodrow did on this. So without the U.S. or Russia, the organization became weak, until of course W.W.II, where it was brought back up again. The League of Nations was and still is today, one of mankinds attempts to find a means of abolishing war, and maintaining peace for as long as possible (learn.co.uk). The League of Nations was a way for leaders all around the world to talk about the problem at hand, instead to quickly take arms, and cause violence. so this is one of mankinds attempts to maintain peace and avoid violen ce throughout the world.This peace treaty was acclaimed as the angiotensin-converting enzyme official document that had the most influence on shaping the events (Vaughan, 3). The events that Vaughan was talking about, was of course WWII, and the treaty was famous, or acclaimed for causing or shaping the next war. Somewhere between the first major war, and twenty years after that, the next major war, the treaty took affect. People, mostly the Germans felt betrayed and vengeful, because of the pre moveed treaty. In those twenty years, the treaty of Versailles was disregard and not in any way enforced by anyone. The treaty basically did not have any positive value and instead only had negative affects. For example, it made all German citizens angry, and lead up to dictatorship, or Hitler. Therefore many say that the treaty caused more harm than good, if any good at all (abid).The treaty statements would have been harsh and difficult for anyone, not just Germany, to handle. The treaty was serene of exactly 440 articles, maps, and illustrations which all commanded or told Germany what to do and what to give up (lib.byu).The list of the changes was long and harsh. The Big Four were busy making changes and playing with Germanys eastern borders, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and the Rhineland (Mayer, 3365). All of these were either taken forth from Germany, or were affected in some way by the terms of the treaty, as stated in Articles 27-30. The four leaders did not just want reparations, which were high enough, but even wanted to punish their enemies by taking away their land. Some countries were annexed away completely, and others were taken away from only in some parts, and all of the annexed areas were distributed among the countries that won. Ports, waterways, and even railways, all of which were German property, in the beginning, were now divided equally (Mayer, 3365).Also, the tre aty talks about reducing Germanys military, naval and Germanys air-force (Articles 159 through 213), but of course since the treaty was never enforced, Hitler, who comes into play frequently later, does not even pay much attention to these rules (momo.essortment).On September 14, 1930, the new Nazi political party was elected, and whenever Hitler, the ruler or dictator of the party, broke a rule stated in the treaty, the Germany people liked Hitler even more, because they despised the treaty. So thus everyone encouraged Hitler to build up his army, airplanes, and submarines (momo.essortment).How did Hitler come into bureau, and cause the deaths of billions around the world, ask historians. Or more important, how did this the treaty of Versailles affect Hitler or make him popular with the people? Well, the money was a big problem. The leaders made Germany deeply into debt, with their high-reparation fees. This of course would lead Germanys economy tobe hazardously low (Cecil, 20 ). The German money value decreased and the affect of that made many go into poverty. Many were asking why pay so much, even if their country did not start the war. Many lost jobs or committed suicides even, because problems were so bad (abid).So that is why the people hated the treaty of Versailles so much, especially since the treaty told them that money was not enough, and Germany had to give away their land, for free. This treaty caused not only acrimony at first, but made Europe grow a continued tension that lasted for the next deuce decades (Vaughan, 2) The treaty caused these tensions which builded and grew larger in the people, which resulted in a huge war, WWII. The people grew hatred, and did not know who to blame for all of this. Their hatred and anger turned on their government, which currently was the Weimar Republic (bbc. co.uk).During the time period of 1919 and 1923, the uprisings and deflect grew larger. Many revolutions and protests happened in the streets, all a gainst their government. Groups like the communists, and others, like the right-wing nationalists tried to take advantage of this opportunity, by trying to take down the government and rule it for themselves Everyone blamed the government for accepting the treaty and tried to overthrow them (bbc.co.uk). The people or citizens did not know who to blame for the punishment that was put on them for no reason, so the people turned on their own government, and blamed them.At this time, where these uprisings were happening, a person by the name of Adolf Hitler was currently working as a spy at several anti-Semitic groups, in 1919. by and by fighting in WWI and suffering from poison gas, he was looking for some extra money and a temporary job from the German army, so he went and spied on these groups. Only two years later though, in 1921, his interest grew he joined the party and soon became their leader (bbc.co.uk). As leader, Hitler tried to get as many people to join his party, as poss ible. He did things like change the name of the party, which included words like socialists, and nationalists so that the name would attract more people.Also he spoke to mass-audiences, and made speeches on how he would revive Germanys respect, and rule Germanys empire for more than 1,000years (abid). Eventually, he got elected into power with the help of a friend, Paul von Hindenburg. But after he died, Hitler took the chance and became the new consensus successor or dictator. He had obtained full control over the country. After taking care of some business and eliminating those who strange him (other parties and government institutions), he put Mein Kampf, his first plan, into full affect. This plan, was world domination and Hitler outlined this to his army generals, on November, 1937 (remember).Hitler did not just want to conquer more lands or get back the land stolen from them, but from his anti-Semitic values that he learned while working as a spy, he created gobs of death ca mps wherever his empire expanded to. Millions of people send to these death traps to die, and the only reason that they were sent to die was because they were considered inferior. Inferior, meaning a different religion, race, etc. (remember). Jews, homosexuals, and even the mentally handicapped were all targeted, considered to be inferior in the eyes of the racist Nazis, were all killed because of who they were, and for no other reason than that(abid).So in conclusion, did the so called peace treaty help in maintaining peace or bringing about conditions that helped Adolph Hitler grow to power to get revenge. German citizens thought that that all the stuff that Hitler was doing such as expanding Germany and killing millions was just or right was just a common reaction from the many harsh laws inside the treaty. The people never thought that Hitler was too out of line, because they might have been too vengeful themselves or didnt have anything else on their mind, except hatred. Of co urse, not until the end of WWII, did everyone find the death camps, and what Hitler was really doing behind their backs. Adolph Hitler opposed the treaty while he was in power, and was supported by the Germans for so long, because of that, say historians (remember). For instance, every time he broke a law from the treaty, such as increasing his army, or expanding his borders, he would became more popular with his own people.Hitler played a significant role in causing World War II, less than twenty years later the terms of the treaty were written (abid). The person who wrote this quote told an obvious fact, Hitler did not jut play a significant role in the war, he basically caused the entire war himself. Thetreaty of Versailles had ended WWI, in which millions of people, mostly young, fought and died in the belief that they were defending their homelands, their families, and their people, would soon cause another deadly war, this war even more deadlier than before. Millions of young lives and fellow citizens believed in slogans that yelled to them. Loud slogans on posters and bulletins yelled and predicted WWI to be, the war to end all wars, or the war to make the world safe for land (nv.cc.va.us). WWI was named these two things at the time, probably to enlist more and more people, but which of course both did not come true. WWI was not the war to end all wars, nor was it, the war that made it safe for democracy.

Advantages Of Unit Banking Essay Example for Free

Advantages Of social unit Banking Essay1.Local DevelopmentUnit banking is local anestheticized banking. The unit bank has the specialize knowledge of the local problems and serves the requirements of the local people in a better manner than branch banking. The currency of the locality atomic number 18 utilised for the local development and ar not transferred to other areas 2.Promotes Regional sense of equilibriumUnder unit banking system, on that point is no transfer of resources from rural and backward areas to the big industrial moneymaking(prenominal) centres. This tends to reduce regional in balance. 3.Easy ManagementThe management and supervision of a unit bank is more easier and more effective than that under branch banking system. There are less chances of fraud and irregularities in the fiscal management of the unit banks. 4.Initiative in Banking BusinessUnit banks have full knowledge of and greater intricacy in the local problems. They are in a position to t ake initiative to tackle these problems by dint of financial help.5.No Monopolistic TendenciesUnit banks are generally of small size. Thus, there is no possibility of generating noncompetitive tendencies under unit banking system. 6.No Inefficient BranchesUnder unit banking system, weak and inefficient branches are automatically eliminated. No protection is provided to such banks. 7.No diseconomies of Large Scale OperationsUnit banking is free from the diseconomies and problems of large-scale operations which are generally experienced by the branch banks. 8.Easy Management and ControlUnder unit banking system, it becomes very on the loose(p) for a single office to manage and control efficiently.9.Close Management and Workers RelationshipUnder unit banking system, there prevails a close and cordial relationship between engrosser and employees. 10.Quick DecisionThe owners or the management of unit banks empennage take quick decision and prompt action in times of emergencies. 11. Use of Local ResourcesLocal financial resources are used for local development. 12.Lesser Fraud and IrregularitiesDue to the less scattered affairs of the bank, there are very little possibilities of fraud and irregularities.Disadvantages Of Unit Banking1.No. Distribution of RisksUnder unit banking, the bank operations are highly localised. Therefore, there is little possibility of distribution and diversification of risks in various areas and industries. 2.Inability to Face Crisis particular resources of the unit banks also restrict their abilityto face financial crisis. These banks are not in a position to stand a sudden rush of withdrawals. 3.No Banking Development in Backward AreasUnit banks, because of their limits resources, ratnot fall in to open uneconomic banking line of descent is smaller towns and rural area. As such, these area remain unbanked. 4.Lack of SpecializationUnit banks, because of their small size, are not able to introduce, and get advantages of, atom of l abor and specialization. Such banks cannot afford to employ highly trained and specialized staff.5.Costly Remittance of pecuniary resourceA unit bank has no branches at other place. As a result, it has to depend upon the correspondent banks for transfer of monetary resource which is very expensive. 6.Disparity in enkindle RatesSince easy and cheap movement of does not exist under the unit banking system, interest judge vary considerably at dissimilar places. 7.Local PressuresSince unit banks are highly localised in their business, local pressures and interferences generally disrupt their normal functioning. 8.Undesirable CompetitionUnit banks are independently run by different managements. This results in undesirable competition among different unit banks.9.Limited Size of OperationUnit bank business can not be operated on large scale because of its limited area. Being the small organisation, division of labour can not be applied. 10.No Economy of ReservesUnder unit banking, ba nk can not transfer its funds to any other branch. So economy in cash hold back can not be secured under this system. 11.Limited Financial ResourcesA unit bank has limited financial resources so it is not able to provide full and adequate banking facilities to the industry and trade of the area. 12.Investment of Idle FundsA unit bank having no other branches, can not utilize its idle funds in profitable ways.

Beyond The Human Essay Example for Free

Beyond The Human EssayNature is benevolent. It may condone one misinterpretation of the humanitykinditykind being. It may accommodate him in his yet another folly. But when the human beings continue with the deliberate, leering and intentional negative activities to destroy Nature, Nature testament hit back with tremendous vigor, for it has to recoup its original, indispensable health. Man is not the creature of Nature. Rather he is the product of the divine creative force that sustains the world. This new(a) by Atwood is grim and depressing and the contents therein, if it were to become true, do not augur well for the offbeat of charity. This entertain shag be categorized as Science Fiction or speculative fiction, exactly as one goes through the contents, it reads like predictions that will come true. There is a method in the imaginative narrations which reach the borders or truth. At the end of each chapter, the reader is compelled to nod his head and say-yes, th is can happen How then to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, pump full of love and deep respect for the laws of Nature and the life that refuses conflictsenough, these alone are enough devil main themes dominate the book, Oryx and Crake. The novel relates to the distant future, the global warning has taken its toll, it has created many changes to the geography of Earth, that the coastal cities do not exist, and the name of New York is New New York. Umbrellas wont do to go outside in the sun one invites certain death. The wealthier areas of the world still dominate, well-protected under places known as compounds and areas known as The Pleebands still exist. People live the normal life here, and understand Nature and its halo better.They know the real worth of Gods gifts to worldly concern. The plot of the book has three central characters. The narrator, Snowman, formerly known as Jimmy, is the only surviving human bein g on this Planet Earth. The sad beginning of the novel describes this terminally ill Snowman, sleeping in a tree. Food is in short supply the sun is so hot that the Snowman has blisters on his body. The genetically engineered beings wolvogs and the pigoos that have managed to escape are now roaming the grounds, with no human beings to train them.At this stage, Atwood makes the reader ponder, as to what a sad pass the human race has arrived and the responsibility rests foursquare on the shoulders of the captains who led the human race. The role of the scientists becomes suspect here. No doubt, they obey the orders of the politicians and do interrogation on weapons of more and more and destruction. When questioned, their reply is that they have no responsibility for its use. Atwood provides the imperative advice to those who govern the affairs of humanity that if proper review is not made in time, even the desperate remedies will not be able to avert the forthcoming desperate situa tions.The Copernican question is not who is responsible entirely what will happen to the Planet Earth, when such irreversible grim situations confront humanityin this particular story, the humanity itself is extinct so who is there to tell the story and also listen to the story To what a bleak situation this mad craze for unending research has brought the human race, the so-called crown of creation How the human beings are unable to know the real source of happiness? True happiness is not in reading more and more books, creating innovative materialistic objects.The products of mind related thinking can never be the permanent source of happiness. To achieve the state of bliss, an individual has to cross the barrier of mind, rather turn over it. Now the only surviving human being the Snowman, has the added responsibility of looking after a stem of humanoid creatures named the Crackers. His best friend Crake invented them and created such class of people. They are supposed to be i deal human beings. If only the individual who created such human being were to know the exact nature of ideal human beings Crakers are strange creatures, with no emotions, no desires, and no sex drive.They just procreate, as matter of automatic achievement. They are without any motivation. The concept of war is not known to these creatures, and this aspect seems to be the only level-headed point about them. Being strict vegetarians, they have no desire for meat. They are simple people, but the meaning of their simplicity is not amenable to human reason. The question is, why for these Crakers were created at all? An important conclusion is the mind-less craze for research mustinessiness stop. How to stop it and where to stop it, should be the concern of the leadership of the humanity.A popular protest to halt the undesirable and unhealthy growth of research that affects the human life must be on the top of the agenda. This aspect of research can be illustrated with an example. A n over the counter medication for diabetes claimsthe cure for diabetes is guaranteed with this medicine. But the side effects reported are, hypertension, night-blindness, hair fall, palpitation of the heart, with possible heart attack, gamey blood pressure, blisters etc. Further research is in progress as to how to avoid these side-effects.Is it not prudential to own the original disease, instead of extending a cordial invitation to so many side effects? So, this much about the world of research related to the medical world. So, the important question is why the world stop and why should it have ended thus. Due to the follies of the miniscule of minority of human beings, the majority had to face the last-ditch disastertotal extinction Atwood elucidates this aspect convincingly and indicates her deep concern for the real happiness of human beings, which is an attainable reality provided right type of efforts are made.Conclusion One must read this book one must re-read and ponde r over the contents. The points mentioned in the book are logical and the conclusions are frightening. only remember the atomic blasts done over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That was the time when the research on atomic weapons was still in its infancy. What if some mad political authority should initiate triggering the push-buttons of these silent demons? There wont be a Snowman to collect the ashes of humanity perhaps Does the humanity deserve this? Perhaps not Are we taking action and thinking strongly to avert such a situation?Perhaps not Then who is to fiendish? Perhaps ourselves The science-community, especially the bio-engineering division, is taken to task by Atwood and her deep suspicions about the craze of unending research are absolutely right. So, the scientists you may cross the moon and beat the stars but probe and research you must the mysteries of a happy human heart ************************** References Cited Atwood, Margaret (Author) Book Oryx and Crake. Paperback 376 pages Publisher Anchor (March 30, 2004) expression English ISBN-10 0385721676 ISBN-13 978-0385721677

The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and Learning Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and learn EssayTeachers need to insure how indigence can affect a student in the classroom. just about students who suffer from pauperism may come from homes with very young, single or let out educational level parents. Their parents may be unemployed, withstand substance abuse problems or generally may not be good role models. Students might live in dangerous neighbourhoods or suffer from homelessness. They might snuff it areas often their parents may deem had bad experiences with schools themselves and see schools as threatening institutions and do not shelter education. Perhaps they come from households where the parents are family orientated and loving, their only problem being lack of money. Teachers need to understand the family background to understand how to best assist the student. Teachers must be aware of the problems and difficulties poorer students face and make allowances and adjustments to the computer programme to pro vide them with relevant learning without detracting from other students needs.Pellino (2007) writes of the lack of confidence many a(prenominal) children of poor families have and how many see the curriculum as irrelevant to their lives. She suggests modifying the curriculum in interesting, simple ways that will have value to all students in the class. This may include doing work on the effect of poverty, getting involved in community projects such as soup kitchens or simply studying the question What is poverty? It is grievous that these activities be followed with both group discussion and individual reflection to help children think critically about their experiences (Chafel, 1997). A good education is often the only means of breaking the cycle of poverty for poor children therefore a teacher must provide a curriculum that is relevant and dispute to motivate students and increase their opportunity for higher education and greater opportunity in life.Many students from low soc io-economic households feel they have no choice or control over their destiny. They may be depressed, have a fear of failure or low expectations of their academic ability. An important task for teachers is to help students let conative attitudes (Pellino, 2007). These are a desire to improve their life and an understanding that it is indeed possible through the earth of goals, plans and perseverance. It may be beneficialto develop conative attitude exercises designed to help students identify what is important to them person-to-personly. Incorporating personal reflection in the curriculum may be beneficial (Pellino, 2007). This could include encouragement to write ledger entries imagining what they would do if time and money was no object (Waitley, 1996, cited by Huitt, 1999) and then reflecting back on a mission statement.Students from low income families often need help to develop self-efficacy and a desire to be proactive in their life (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven Tice, 1998 Emmons, 1986). These are traits that are often lacking in low achieving students, particularly those from poorer backgrounds (Huitt, 1999). It is important for teachers to develop lessons that result in success to show students that they are capable of altering outcomes and do not just accept what life throws at them (Pellino, 2007).I found Karen Pellinos paper to be extremely helpful. It is blanket(prenominal) and includes an extensive reference describe that directs the reader to a vast array of articles for further study.Reference listBaumeister, R., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., Tice, D. (1998). Ego depletion Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265. Retrieved from CSA Illumina 14 June 2008.Chafel, J. (1997) Childrens Views of Poverty A Review of Research and Implications for Teaching, The Educational Forum, 614, 360 371. Accessed from Informaworld 15 June 2008 http//dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131729709335282Emmons , R. (1986). Personal strivings An approach to nature and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068. Retrieved from CSA Illumina 14 June 2008.Huitt, W. 1999. Conation as an important factor of mind. Website for Valdosta State University, GA. http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/ crack/regsys/conation.html. Accessed 14June, 2008.Pellino, K. (2007). The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and Learning. Teachnology. Retrieved 14 June, 2008, from http//www.teach-nology.com/tutorials/teaching/poverty/print.htm.

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance

Principles and Characteristics of reliable presidencyIntroductionIn general, well politics is perceived as a normative principle of administrative law, which obliges the State to perform its functions in a manner that promotes the values of efficiency, no corruptibility, and responsiveness to civil alliance. It is because a principle that is largely associated with statecraft. While the government is not obliged to substantively deliver any macrocosm goodlys, it must(prenominal) ensure that the processes for the identification and delivery of such goods are concrete in borders of i) existence responsive to public demands ii) existence transparent in the allocation of resources and iii) being candid in the dispersion of goods. The principle of good governance has as well been espoused in the context of the interior operations of private area organizations. In this way, corporate decision- do strategies integrate the principle of good governance and ensure that shareh older involvements (i.e. public restrict companies) and employees are interpreted into account.The legal meaning of the principle of good governanceThe concept of good governance as developed by the World Bank is essentially a touchstone upon which the prevailing administrative structure of a given coun adjudicate can be measured. Consequently, it provides ample evidence of the robustness of the structural suitability of donors as efficient vehicles of multilateral aid investment to developing countries. Good governance is thusly chiefly envisaged as a set of procedural tools to guarantee the efficacious improvement of the donor determine subject. Politically, however, the principle of good governance has not been very well received. For instance, governments may be reluctant to be held accountable to donor agencies, and they may sometimes display widespread hostility against such agencies (or other bodies) that is construed to be interfering in their (sovereign) domestic affair s. The real or imagined fears suck in stemmed mainly from the fact that the term good governance has largely been identified with liberalism and laissez-faire policies common in most developed countries. Further, the recitation of the term good derives primarily from subjective interpretations especially in the context of large multicultural and divers(prenominal) economies that characterize the developing world.The characteristics of good governanceGood governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the find oneself of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in partnership are heard in decision-making. It is to a fault responsive to the present and future needs of society.1. enfoldingParticipation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good gov ernance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or legates. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of connectedness and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.2. overlook of lawGood governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full tax shelter of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.3. hydrofoilTransparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that info is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by su ch decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media.4. ResponsivenessGood governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.5. Consensus orientedThere are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an taste of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.6. Equity and inclusivenessA societys well being depends on ensuring that all its members savour that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, unless particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being.7. metier and efficiencyGood governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.8. AccountabilityAccountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Acco untability cannot be enforced without enhancer and the rule of law.How to achieve good governanceGood governance, to be effective and sustainable, must be anchored in a vigorous working democracy which respects the rule of law, a free press, energetic civil society organizations and effective and independent public bodies such as the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Prevention of decomposition Bureau and the Fair Trade Commission. The Commission is important in ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights, but also in ensuring both transparence and accountability on the part of the government. Good governance requires transparency and efficiency also in different government agencies.At the political level democratic practices, including transparency in policy making and administration, are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic political remains that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder that good governance is said to be more easily achieved and guaranteed in a multi-party system than in a mono-party system. It also means the holding of regular elections applying the principle of universal franchise. In order to qualify as democratic, elections must be free and fair.Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power. The doctrine of the separation of powers is thereof relevant in the establishment of whether or not a country has a political system that is responsive to good governance. The doctrine of the separation of powers is based on the acceptance that there are common chord main categories of government functions legislative, executive, and judicial. Corresponding to these are the three main organs of government in a state the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The doctrine insists that these three powers and functions of government in a free democracy must be kept separate and exercised by separate organs of the state.Co nclusionFrom the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.ReferencesMacdonald, B. (1998), Good governance and Pacific island states, in Larmour, P. (Ed.), Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, National Centre for Development Studies Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 21-53.Woods, N. (1999) Good Governance in International Organizations, Global Governance 5, 39-61.Burnell, Peter. Good Government and Democratization A crabwise Look at Aid and Political Conditionality, Democratization, vol.1, no.3, pp.485-503.

Teaching English With Pictures

tenet incline With PicturesTEACHING position VOCABULARY USING PICTURESTO THE SIXTH GRADE STUDENTS(A Pre-Experimental interrogation to the Sixth Grade Students)ABSTRACTVocabulary is an authorised component in teaching method English and in teaching mental lexicon, teacher affects to use technique or media in order to answer students to have good understanding on newborn lyric poem being learned. The teacher sewer use media, such as pictures because pictures rouse be employ to do students become familiar with new verbiage in an enjoy fitted way and pictures ass motivate the students in learning dictionary.The main objective of this study is to find issue whether or not pictures tail end break the students in mental lexicon mastery.The query method used is experiment method or to a greater extent specifically the pre-experimental design with one group pre sieve and posttest design. The sample is one class consisting of 39 students.Based on the entropy analysis , the result shows that the tobs was higher than t-table (13.197 1.686), so the alternative possibleness (Ha) was certain. It means that thither was signifi suffert going between the mean of students pretest score and the mean of posttest score. It indicates that teaching English vocabulary victimization pictures was effective in up the students vocabulary mastery.IntroductionEnglish has become more important run-in in the world. This is because people need a universal language to communicate with other people from other countries. People who be able to speak or communicate in English will be easy to get more intimacy or informations. check to Mc Arthur (1992571 in Kaswan 20108), language refers to a human system of confabulation which uses structured vocal sounds and put up be embodied in other media such as writing, move and physical signs. In addition, language is a systematic means of comunicating ideas or feelings by the use of stylized signs, sounds, gestures, or m arks having understood meanings (Websters 19611270 in Brown 19805).In order to make a good communication in English, we must(prenominal) have a good foundation in vocabulary and grammar. because they interact with each other to convey an idea. English as a foreign language is taught at the early age. In Indonesia English has been introduced in kindergarten and elementary rail. While in junior high school and senior high school, it is a compulsory subject.Thornbury (200213) states that without grammar really little can be conveyed, without vocabulary aught can be conveyed. It means if we spend most of our time studying grammar, we can say very little with grammar. But if we learn more words and expressions, we can say almost anything with words. concord to Linse and Nunan (2005121) vocabulary is the requireion of words that an individual knows. Meanwhile, Hiebert and Kamil (20053) states vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. Learning vocabulary is important as a part of learning English or other foreign languages since learners learn vocabulary first forward they master more complex structure.Vocabulary is one of the most important element in the language, without vocabulary we cannot communicative effectively, according to Allen and Valette (1977 149) Vocabulary is an important factor in all language teaching. Students must continually be learning words as they learn structures and as they practice the sound system. It to a fault means that teaching in speaking, writing, reading, and listening cannot be separated from teaching vocabulary.In teaching vocabulary, teachers inevitably to used technique in order to help students have good understanding on new words being learned. In line with this Nation (199051) in Cameron (200185) lists some basic techniques by which teachers can explain the meanings of new words, all of which can be used in the young learners classroom. They are by employ demonstration or pictures (using object, a cut-out fig ure, gesture, performing an action, photographs, drawings or diagrams on the board, and pictures from books).Based on Allen (198312) there are three ways to show the meanings of vocabulary wordsPicturesExplanations in the students own language.Definitions in uncomplicated English, using vocabulary that the students already know.Furthermore, Cameron (2001 84) states Vocabulary needs to be met. In different activities, with new knowledge and new connections developed each time the same words are met again. Nation (1990) in Cameron (2001 84) suggests that a new word needs to be met at least five or six clock in a text book unit before it has any chance of being learn. teaching English vocabulary using pictures is a kind of technique for students in memorizing their vocabularies easily and fast. Pictures can be used as media in teaching and learning process, especially in teaching English vocabulary. match to Allen (198324) Picture helping students understand the meaning of a word. P ictures which have been cut out of magazines and newspapers are as well as useful.The use of picture in teaching vocabulary is a fun activity bacause pictures can motivate for the students to learn vocabulary. Based on Thornbury (200280) the use of pictures or objects for teaching vocabulary can be used to present new vocabulary items, but they can be used to practice them. It also means they can explore their abilities to increase their vocabularies. Pictures can make the material is easy to understand and to help the students memorize the word easily especially by the children. The used of pictures also simple and easy to use, can makes learning more fun and the students are not bored in learning.Regarding this, Wright (1989136) adds Pictures can be motivated the students, made the subjects they are dealing with clear, and illustrated the general idea, and forms an object or action. It means pictures are important to help motivated the students in learning English vocabulary and memorizing the meanings.Research Question and Hypothesis in that location are query question and hypothesis of the researchResearch Question teaching method English vocabulary to the students will not be an easy work to do. This study seek the problem that are suppose in the following question Is pictures effective to remedy students vocabulary mastery?.HypothesisIn this research, the source has hypothesizing the hypothesis as follow Teaching English vocabulary using pictures can ameliorate the students vocabulary mastery.Objectives of the ResearchThe study discussed the way of the teacher taught English vocabulary to the students. The author has formulated an objective as followsTo find out whether or not pictures can improve the students vocabulary mastery.Research MethodologyResearch DesignIn this research the writer used pre-experiments with one group pretest-posttest design. harmonize to Fraenkel. et al. ( in Kaswan and Suprijadi 201334) experimental research refers to research in which at least one in babelike variable star is manipulated, other relevant variable are controlled, and the effect on one or more dependent variables is observed.The method used in this research was pre-experimental studies. Pre-experimental is a research procedure that has no control group. The expression that is done before the experiment is called pre-test and observation subsequently the experiment is called post-test. The form of pre-experimental study that the researcher applies can be seen below (Ary et al, 2010303).Figure 1Pre-experimental DesignNotes1. Apply Y1 is pre-test that is given before the teaching or the treatment.2. Apply X, is considered as treatment given.3. Apply Y2 is post-test that is given after having treatment.2. Research MethodIn the research the writer used quantitative method. According to Kaswan and Suprijadi (2013 13) Quantitative research is a deductive theory-based research process that focuses primarily on testing theories and specif ic research hypotheses that consider finding balances and relationship using numeric information and statistical methods to make specific conclusions about phenomena.Population and SamplePopulationAccording to Singh (2007 88) population is a group of individuals, objects, or items from among which samples are taken for measurement. So, population is a complete distinguish of all those things, people, numbers societies, or other that can be used in taking data sources in the research. In this case the population of the research was the sixth grade students of MI Cireundeu in schoolman year 2014/2015. There were 39 students as the population.SampleThe writer chose the entire population as the sample. According to Webster (in Singh 2007 88) a sample can be defined as a finite part of a statistical population whose properties are used to make estimates about population as a whole. It can be defined a set of target respondents selected from a larger population for the purpose of a su rvey. In addition, Tavakoli (2012 471) defines, a sample is the smaller group which is a portion of a population.In stash away the data, the writer used pretest and posttest. The pretest was administered to know the students vocabulary before given the treatment. The posttest was given at the end of architectural plan to find out the difference of students achievement in vocabulary mastery after the treatment using pictures was given.To collect the data, the writer decided an achievement test that has been developed based on the material. The writer used a test that consisted of fill-in-the-blank and arrange the jumbled letters. The test consisted of 10 items and time provided to do the test was 30 minutes.Result and DiscussionThe ResultIn this research the writer used one group to collect the data. The writer gave pretest to the students to identify the students ability in vocabulary mastery, before giving the posttest, the writer gave treatment to the students. During the treatm ent, the writer taught about vocabulary using pictures. Then, the writer gave a posttest to the students to find out the students ability after acquire treatment. The result of pretest and posttest can be seen below. remand 1The result of pretest and posttestNoPretestPosttestD17090204002607010 one hundred36570525480 snow204005801002040068510015225770801010088010020400975851010010658015225116065525127085152251360655251460802040015657052516506515225176075152251875851010019506515225207580525216575101002275100256252370851522524708010100257085152252645601522527708010100286070101002960701010030757500317080101003255605253380951522534758510100356570525367585101003765705253865801522539406020400SUM 260530754706900MEAN (66,478,4Result of the Research by Using SPSS 17To find out whether the data normal or not, the writer used SPSS program. This program was used for testing the assumption of normalcy of the data. The result of normality test can be seen below.Table 2 Tests of NormalityKolmogoro v-SmirnovaShapiro-WilkStatisticdfSig.StatisticDfSig.Pretest.13839.058.95139.087Posttest.13239.087.93539.026Based on the table above, the data was normal. It can be seen on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov pillar to know whether the data was normal or not. The signification of pretest was .058 and the significance of posttest was .087. It means the data was normal because the significance result of pretest and posttest were higher than .005.After the writer found that the data was normal, the writer continued with calculating the t-test. This test was used to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between teaching vocabularies using pictures to elementary school students before and after treatment. It can be seen as followTable 3 Paired Samples StatisticsMeanNStd. passingStd. Error MeanPair 1pretest66.79493910.032001.60641posttest78.84623911.835581.89521According to Kaswan and Suprijadi (2013189) standard release is the most widely used measure of variability of a set of data in inferential statistical procedures. Based on the table above, Standard deviation of pretest was 10,03 and standard deviation of posttest was 11,83.Table 4 Paired Samples TestPaired DifferencesTDfSig. (2-tailed)MeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Mean95% Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUpperPair 1pretest posttest-12.051285.70295.91320-13.89996-10.20260-13.19738.000After the writer calculated the data by using SPSS program, from the result of statistic calculation the data above, t observed is 13.197 the level significance = 0.05 and the spot of independence (df) = 38. So t-table with the level significance = 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 38, the writer found the t-table was 1.686.Because tobs was 13.197 and t-table was 1.686. It means that, tobs was higher than t-table 13.197 1.686. The writer conclude that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. . It means that there is a significant improvement of students voca bulary mastery after giving treatment of pictures. In other words, teaching English using pictures to the sixth grade students of MI Cireundeu was efective to improve the students vocabulary mastery .DiscussionIn this research, the writer applied the significance of 0.05 with degree of freedom (df) = N-1 (39 1 = 38) 1.686. As the result, t-test (13.197) was bigger than t-table (1.686). The writer concluded that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. Based on the research findings, it indicated that the achievements of the students were influenced significantly by the process of teaching and learning using pictures technique in teaching vocabulary, which had a positive effect to the students achievement.The previous studies of the research by using pictures can help the students to recognize the English vocabulary. Elsy (2013) in her research explained that the used of pictures can increase students vocabulary mastery. The reciprocal ohm rese arch conducted by Sholihah (2009). According to her research the positive effects of using pictures in teaching English vocabulary, were pictures could improve the students motive, pictures could attract the students attention, pictures help the students to memorize the vocabulary, and pictures make the teaching and learning activities interesting.Conclusions and SuggestionsConclusionsBased on the research findings and discussions, the writer can conclude them as followThe mean scores of pretest who were not taught with pictures as a media was 66,4 and the mean students scores of posttest was 78,4.The standard deviation of the pretest was 10,03 and standard deviation of posttest was 11,83. In order to know whether the difference between the two means was significant or not, t-test was applied. The result of computation was 13.197. So t-table with the level significance () = 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 38, found that the t-table was 1.686.This research. showed that tobs wa s higher than t-table (13.1971.686), so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It meant that there was significant difference between the mean of students pretest score and the mean of posttest score. It indicated that teaching English vocabulary using pictures was effective in improving the students vocabulary mastery.SuggestionsThe result finding showed that teaching English vocabulary using pictures can improve the students vocabulary mastery and based on the conclusions above, some suggestions are proposed as followThe students achievement in learning vocabularies by using pictures was increase than without pictures. So, it is wise for teachers to use pictures in teaching vocabularies as teaching media for the students.Teacher should select pictures which are appropriate and familiar with the students the pictures should be interesting.The teacher needs to provide pictures in larger size and clearly, in order to attract students attention about the materials given. In add ition, the larger size and clear pictures can make the students easy to look what the teachers showing.The teacher should be able to increase the students motivation in teaching-learning English, especially in teaching vocabularies.REFERENCESAllen, D. E. Vallete, R. M. (1977). Classroom technique Foreign languange and English as a second language. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, inc.Allen, F. V. (1983). Techniques in teaching vocabulary. New York Oxford University Press.Ary, D. Jacobs, C. L., Sorensen, K. C. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Canada Cengage Learning.Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching language to young learners. USA Cambridge University Press.Brown, H. D. (1980). Principles of language learning and teaching. United State of America Prentice-Hall, inc. Englewood Cliffs. New tee shirt 07632.Elsy, Y. (2013). Research article Teaching vocabulary by using picture to the trio grade students. Pontianak Universitas Tanjungpura Press.Hiebert, H. E. Kamil, L. M . (2005). Teaching and learning vocabulary Bringing research to practice. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Kaswan, et al. (2014). Metode dan teknik penulisan karya ilmiah (Usulan penelitian dan proceedings). Cimahi STKIP Siliwangi Press.Kaswan Suprijadi, D. (2013). Research in English language education. Bandung STKIP Siliwangi Press.Linse, T. C. Nunan, D. (2005). Practical English language teaching young learners. USA McGraw-Hill Companies.Mintarsih, M. (2014). Teaching speaking using pictures to the third grade of SDN Cibeber Mandiri 1. Unpublished Paper. Cimahi STKIP Siliwangi Press.Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative social research methods. New Delhi Sage Publications Pvt Ltd.Sholihah, H. (2009). Teaching English vocabulary using pictures to the fifth grade students of SDN Tugu Jebres No.120 Surakarta. Semarang Universitas Sebelas Maret.Tavakoli, H. (2012). A dictionary of research methodology and statistics in applied linguistics. capital of Iran Rahnama Press. Thornbury, S. (2002). How to teach vocabulary. Edinburgh gate Longman.Wright, A. (1989). Pictures for language learning. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.